The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh A Woman in World History Book

UNHCR ambassadorship Angelina Jolie made a great paper on exile emergency Renowned entertainer and helpful and UNHCR ambassadorship Angelina Jolie made a noteworthy paper on exile emergency. A â€Å"Major challenge for our generation† the name of a significant agent of The UN Refugee Organization. Jolie included that the circumstance was not urgent and there is promise for getting better. â€Å"I’ve perceived the amount it burdens exile guardians when they can't send their youngsters to class, realizing that as time passes, their life possibilities are contracting and their helplessness is growing,† she said. She additionally clarified that the displaced people are dynamic enough in scanning for arrangement the current issue and variations to be a piece of the recuperation of their nations, she likewise concedes that training is significant for breaking down and thoroughly considering how to improve circumstance. Angelina Jolie likewise summarized and asked wealthier nations to â€Å"address philanthropic financing shortfalls† with the goal that the individuals don't need to settle on one and only decision of school or nourishment for their youngsters. During her action as volunteer she asserted her help for exiles. Already this year she showed up with her little girls 11-year-old Shiloh and 13-year-old Zahara to visit Syrian evacuees at the Jordan outskirt. As she said the â€Å"the most noticeably awful destruction I have found in the entirety of my years working with UNHCR† when visiting Iraqi outcast camp.

Labor Mobility and Chinass Economic Geography

Question: Portray about the Core Periphery Regions Of The Asian-Pacific Rim? Answer: Presentation Through assistance of this specific report, the point is to recognize the ideas of Core-outskirts model, which has lead a few dangers and open doors for China during the execution of its universal understanding and global exchange activities. Through assistance of this report specific means to recognize how China has built up its financial, political and social structure by foundation global relations with its fringe, for example, Japan, Korea, Mainland, Insular and Taiwan among others (Friedmann, 1966). In addition, this report will likewise feature the qualities and shortcomings of China inside the Asia Pacific provincial worldwide market. Once more, the center outskirts model will be used for demonstrating the limits in monetary and business qualities. The reliance of outskirts areas on the center zones of China is exhibited with identical resources, assets, middle of the road materials as vitality assets, minerals, and force plants. Guide Observation So as to recognize the fringe regions of China, it is seen that China has built up its center situation inside the worldwide commercial center because of its solid financial situation inside the globe. In such manner, in light of the perspective of Tickner (2013), it is seen that in the midst of the East Asian nations Japan, Korea and Taiwan are being considered as Chinas outskirts. Aside from that, it is additionally distinguished that Southeast Asian nations, for example, Mainland and Insular are likewise being considered as Chinas outskirts. Simultaneously, it very well may be additionally expressed that South Asian nations, for example, Indonesia and Myanmar are likewise can be viewed as a Chinas fringe. As per the perspective of Bosker et al., (2012), Chinese assets have helped China to pick up fringe position through broadening its geological areas in around the nation. In this unique situation, it very well may be likewise attested that China has picked up fame inside its fringe because of power attributes. Comparable to this, it very well may be likewise affirmed that conciliatory view of the administration and monetary stable situation inside the globe has helped China to build up its fringe locale in around the limits of the country. So as to feature the reasons for picking up Chinas center fringe position inside the neighbor nations, it very well may be stated that physical condition has helped China to build up its normal and counterfeit assets inside the globe, which has helped China to pick up center situation in the midst of its fringe neighbor. Simultaneously, it very well may be likewise affirmed that populace and local culture of China has helped the country to build up its monetary position and social structure inside the globe. Comparable to this, it tends to be attested that through improving the norms of political geology, political human science and work showcase the legislature of China has helped the country to pick up center situation in the midst of its fringe areas (Robinson et al., 2013). At the same time, it very well may be likewise referenced that agrarian turn of events and infrastructural advancement has empowered fringe zones of China to get subject to the country. Chinese Core and Periphery Maps Figure: 1. Chinese Core and Periphery Maps (Source: Harvard University, 2016) Legitimization for Core and Periphery Areas in Chinese Maps In light of the perspective of Prithwiraj et al. (2012), it is recognized that Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Mainland and Insular are being considered as a fringe of China. Additionally, it is likewise seen that all these previously mentioned countries are perceived as a ward of China because of its center situations inside the globe. In such manner, so as to feature the causes, which has lead China to pick up center situations in the midst of the outskirts regions, it tends to be attested that the net movement per area is high if there should be an occurrence of China, where other neighbor countries are arranged, for example, Hong Kong, South Korea and Mainland and Insular among others. Simultaneously, it is additionally seen that normal urban communities of China are for the most part arranged close by ocean regions, which can be viewed as a prime makes that lead China gain center situations in the midst of its outskirts regions. In this unique circumstance, it is additionally seen that if there should be an occurrence of China enormous quantities of LNG ports and gaseous petrol pipelines have been created in around the fringes of the country with a point of performing exchange works an increasingly determined way. In addition, it is additionally seen that Chinas financial execution is similarly better in around the ocean outskirt regions as huge quantities of monetary capacities are performed by the nation through the assistance of Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea among others (Li Wei, 2014). Assessment of Threats and Opportunities of Core Periphery Areas So as to feature the dangers and chances of center and fringe zones in China, it tends to be affirmed that Chinas outskirts regions have increased more prominent advantages from the country as it has helped neighbor countries to get financial help from the China. Simultaneously, it very well may be additionally referenced that sound financial conditions likewise may profited fringe territories of China to get profited as it help different countries to set up global associations with China. As an impact, both China and its fringe countries may upgrade their chances inside the global setting (Lu et al., 2013). Simultaneously, so as to feature the chances of center and fringe model, it very well may be attested that Chinas Inside Ring comprise of 14 countries, which share their outskirts with China. In this specific circumstance, it tends to be expressed that through the help of political quality and efficient quality China may assist its fringe regions with getting monetary advantages. Then again, it is likewise seen that international strategy and territorial arrangements of China has helped the country to pick up center situation inside the Asia Pacific Zone, which can be viewed as a one of the prime qualities of China (Weightman, 2011). Then again, so as to feature the dangers of fringe zones, it very well may be affirmed that outskirts regions may lead security related dangers for a center country. Corresponding to this, it very well may be additionally affirmed that China has seen more prominent dangers from its fringe regions as far as psychological oppression, fanaticism and division among others. In such manner, it very well may be likewise affirmed that fringe dangers additionally may hamper financial development of a country through influencing exchange relations and transportation open doors for a country (Yu et al., 2012). What's more, it very well may be additionally expressed that fringe territories likewise may started difficulties for a country through influencing the common assets of the center country. For this situation, it is seen that China has confronted noteworthy dangers from outskirts territories as far as thirst of characteristic asset. In such manner, with a point of addressing the requiremen ts just as desires for fringe countries, China has created fringe approaches, which may assist the country with mitigating such sorts of hazard and dangers in a progressively constant way (Faber, 2014). End So as to finish up the theme, it tends to be declared that center and outskirts model are being considered as one of the discretionary procedures, which is applied by the countries with a point of upgrading monetary execution and it additionally may lead positive vive towards political clout. As an impact, China has encountered better universal exchange opportunity inside Asia Pacific Zone and it additionally has help China to set up business relations with its fringe countries. On other hand, it very well may be additionally referenced that specific factors, for example, fear mongering, fanaticism and division likewise has lead certain difficulties for China inside the Asia Pacific Zone and it additionally has influenced financial development openings and normal assets of China. References Bosker, M., Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., Schramm, M. (2012). Unwinding Hukou: Increased work versatility and Chinas financial topography. Diary of Urban Economics, 72(2), 252-266. Faber, B. (2014). Exchange joining, advertise size, and industrialization: proof from China's National Trunk Highway System. The Review of Economic Studies, 81(3), 1046-1070. Friedmann, J. (1966). Local Development Policy: A Case Study of Venezuela. Cambridge, MA, and London: The M.I.T. Press. Harvard University, (2016). China map. Recovered from https://worldmap.harvard.edu/chinamap/ Li, Y., Wei, Y. D. (2014). Multidimensional disparities in human services circulation in commonplace China: A contextual investigation of Henan Province. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 105(1), 91-106. Lu, C., Wu, Y., Shen, Q., Wang, H. (2013). Main thrust of urban development and local arranging: A contextual investigation of China's Guangdong Province. Natural surroundings worldwide, 40, 35-41. Prithwiraj, C., James, A., Tarun, K. (2012). A core㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ peripheryframework to explore developing business sector governmentsqualitative proof from a biotechnology global. Worldwide Strategy Journal, 2(1), 71-87. Robinson, R. N., Ritchie, B. W., Kralj, A., Solnet, D. J., Baum, T., Ford, R. C. (2013). An Asia-Pacific coreperiphery fates Catch 22: Divergent specialist and traveler mobilities. Diary of Travel Research, 0047287513513164. Tickner, A. B. (2013). Center, outskirts and (neo) settler International Relations. European Journal of International Relations, 19(3), 627-646. Weightman, B.A. 2011. Mythical serpents and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia (third ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Yu, N., De Jong, M., Storm, S., Mi, J. (2012). The development effect of transport framework venture: A territorial examination for China (19782008). Strategy and Society, 31(1), 25-38.

How to Develop a Meaningful Company Culture - Focus

How to Develop a Meaningful Company Culture - Focus In many companies in the tech industry today, free food, games in the office, and outings on the companys dime are becoming common perks. Some companies are upping the stakes when it comes to perks to the point that a visit to their offices can make you wonder how they get any work done in-between enjoying employee benefits of every kind imaginable. You could be forgiven for thinking perks alone are the way to build a positive company culture. After all, who doesnt want to come to work when there are freebies available around the clock? But perks may not be the best approach to encouraging a positive, productive workplace. Research shows youre better off betting on a sense of meaning for your employees. If they feel like the work they do is important, and part of something bigger than themselves, theyre more likely to want to stay at your company. Why Meaning Is More Important Than Happiness While perks like free food and games in the office might be a drawcard for new employees, Teresa Amabile, a business administration professor at Harvard Business School, says none of this matters unless people feel they have meaningful work and are making progress at it. She goes on to say: In over 30 years of research, Ive found that people do their most creative work when theyre motivated by the work itself. So the first thing to look at when trying to build a positive, productive culture at your company is the work itself. Perks alone wont cut it One survey of employee satisfaction found deriving meaning from their work had the highest impact on employees of any survey variable. Learning and growth, work/life balance, and connecting to the companys mission all ranked lower for having an impact on employee satisfaction. The survey also found that those who did derive meaning from their work were more than three times as likely to remain at the same company, were more engaged in their work, and rated their job satisfaction 1.7 times higher. A study from Stanford that looked at the differences between meaning and happiness found the way we approach social interactions offers clues about how these two states differ. Happiness was linked to being a taker rather than a giver, whereas meaningfulness went with being a giver rather than a taker, says one of the studys authors, Jennifer Aaker. Meaning will keep teams motivated long term The study showed that satisfying our personal desires was a reliable source of happiness, but didnt contribute to a sense of meaning. They also pointed out that happiness is based on the present, whereas meaning is linked to past, present, and future. Not surprisingly, increased stress or struggles in life tend to make happiness levels drop, but they also often contribute to feelings of meaning. Doing things that are difficult and stressful, such as raising children, or working on big projects, can add a sense of meaning to our lives while simultaneously decreasing our levels of current happiness. Meaning is also tied more closely to personal values and expressing oneself. When we spend time thinking about and acting on our purpose within a larger community, were more likely to feel a strong sense of meaning, whereas happiness is more closely aligned to simply seeking out the satisfaction of our personal needs. Simple Team Management Discover MeisterTask Its free! Discover MeisterTask How Happiness and Meaning Affect the Workplace Its telling that Google spokesperson Jordan Newman told the New York Times that Googles aim is to create the happiest, most productive workplace in the world. While theres nothing wrong with wanting your employees to be happy, aiming for meaning could be a more lasting approach. The team at business communication company Nextiva found out the hard way that focusing on employee happiness puts you in a never-ending cycle of constantly trying to fulfil your employees personal needs. When Nextiva was a new company, employees were offered free snacks, and the perk seemed to work out well. As the company grew, however, Nextiva CMO Yaniv Masjedi says employees started expecting moreâ€"they wanted their personal requests for snacks to be available and complained when the snacks ran out. The discontent with our snack program made us realize that perks werent as important to creating a positive company culture as wed originally thought. Masjedi says when the companys leaders realized the perks werent encouraging a positive atmosphere anymore, they shifted focus within days, to our people and how we could help each one of them build a career path at Nextiva with improved training and increased communication. Consult your team Based on interviews with employees about how to improve the companys culture, Nextiva cut perks like free snacks and replaced them with improved training, education for new hires, and mentoring programs. They also implemented a regular process of discussing with employees how the companys culture could be improved. Though Masjedi doesnt point it out specifically, its easy to see how the changes requested by employees could lead to a stronger sense of meaning in their work. Mentoring and education programs dont only help employees improve the quality of their work, but they can also help team members see how they fit into the bigger picture of the company as a whole, and help them find new ways to contribute to the companys mission. 4 Ways to Develop a Meaningful Company Culture As a leader, you can encourage more of the behavior in your employees that will increase their sense of meaning. Focus less on perks, which satisfy personal needs and therefore increase in-the-moment happiness, and encourage more of these behaviors: Generosityâ€"those who give more than they take find more meaning in what they do Social interactionsâ€"the most engaged employees report having a best friend at work Repositioningâ€"help your team to think about each of their roles as part of a bigger team, with a bigger mission Taking on challengesâ€"encourage your employees to take on big projects that will stretch their skills We all want to be happy, and theres nothing wrong with that. We also want our employees to be happy. After all, whats better than to see your team members smiling, enjoying themselves, and staying late because they enjoy being at work? But the press given to tech companies who continue upping the stakes in employee perks has led to a dangerous trend in our thinking about company culture. Using perks to attract and keep employees is a short-term approach. It focuses on present happiness, which always requires something new. Its a hedonic treadmill for the workplace. Meaningful work, on the other hand, is a lot harder to provide. Theres no bank account big enough to buy meaning for your employees. But putting in the effort to encourage a workplace that provides and increases a sense of meaning in team members is the best investment you can make for your companys culture. How to Develop a Meaningful Company Culture - Focus In many companies in the tech industry today, free food, games in the office, and outings on the companys dime are becoming common perks. Some companies are upping the stakes when it comes to perks to the point that a visit to their offices can make you wonder how they get any work done in-between enjoying employee benefits of every kind imaginable. You could be forgiven for thinking perks alone are the way to build a positive company culture. After all, who doesnt want to come to work when there are freebies available around the clock? But perks may not be the best approach to encouraging a positive, productive workplace. Research shows youre better off betting on a sense of meaning for your employees. If they feel like the work they do is important, and part of something bigger than themselves, theyre more likely to want to stay at your company. Why Meaning Is More Important Than Happiness While perks like free food and games in the office might be a drawcard for new employees, Teresa Amabile, a business administration professor at Harvard Business School, says none of this matters unless people feel they have meaningful work and are making progress at it. She goes on to say: In over 30 years of research, Ive found that people do their most creative work when theyre motivated by the work itself. So the first thing to look at when trying to build a positive, productive culture at your company is the work itself. Perks alone wont cut it One survey of employee satisfaction found deriving meaning from their work had the highest impact on employees of any survey variable. Learning and growth, work/life balance, and connecting to the companys mission all ranked lower for having an impact on employee satisfaction. The survey also found that those who did derive meaning from their work were more than three times as likely to remain at the same company, were more engaged in their work, and rated their job satisfaction 1.7 times higher. A study from Stanford that looked at the differences between meaning and happiness found the way we approach social interactions offers clues about how these two states differ. Happiness was linked to being a taker rather than a giver, whereas meaningfulness went with being a giver rather than a taker, says one of the studys authors, Jennifer Aaker. Meaning will keep teams motivated long term The study showed that satisfying our personal desires was a reliable source of happiness, but didnt contribute to a sense of meaning. They also pointed out that happiness is based on the present, whereas meaning is linked to past, present, and future. Not surprisingly, increased stress or struggles in life tend to make happiness levels drop, but they also often contribute to feelings of meaning. Doing things that are difficult and stressful, such as raising children, or working on big projects, can add a sense of meaning to our lives while simultaneously decreasing our levels of current happiness. Meaning is also tied more closely to personal values and expressing oneself. When we spend time thinking about and acting on our purpose within a larger community, were more likely to feel a strong sense of meaning, whereas happiness is more closely aligned to simply seeking out the satisfaction of our personal needs. Simple Team Management Discover MeisterTask Its free! Discover MeisterTask How Happiness and Meaning Affect the Workplace Its telling that Google spokesperson Jordan Newman told the New York Times that Googles aim is to create the happiest, most productive workplace in the world. While theres nothing wrong with wanting your employees to be happy, aiming for meaning could be a more lasting approach. The team at business communication company Nextiva found out the hard way that focusing on employee happiness puts you in a never-ending cycle of constantly trying to fulfil your employees personal needs. When Nextiva was a new company, employees were offered free snacks, and the perk seemed to work out well. As the company grew, however, Nextiva CMO Yaniv Masjedi says employees started expecting moreâ€"they wanted their personal requests for snacks to be available and complained when the snacks ran out. The discontent with our snack program made us realize that perks werent as important to creating a positive company culture as wed originally thought. Masjedi says when the companys leaders realized the perks werent encouraging a positive atmosphere anymore, they shifted focus within days, to our people and how we could help each one of them build a career path at Nextiva with improved training and increased communication. Consult your team Based on interviews with employees about how to improve the companys culture, Nextiva cut perks like free snacks and replaced them with improved training, education for new hires, and mentoring programs. They also implemented a regular process of discussing with employees how the companys culture could be improved. Though Masjedi doesnt point it out specifically, its easy to see how the changes requested by employees could lead to a stronger sense of meaning in their work. Mentoring and education programs dont only help employees improve the quality of their work, but they can also help team members see how they fit into the bigger picture of the company as a whole, and help them find new ways to contribute to the companys mission. 4 Ways to Develop a Meaningful Company Culture As a leader, you can encourage more of the behavior in your employees that will increase their sense of meaning. Focus less on perks, which satisfy personal needs and therefore increase in-the-moment happiness, and encourage more of these behaviors: Generosityâ€"those who give more than they take find more meaning in what they do Social interactionsâ€"the most engaged employees report having a best friend at work Repositioningâ€"help your team to think about each of their roles as part of a bigger team, with a bigger mission Taking on challengesâ€"encourage your employees to take on big projects that will stretch their skills We all want to be happy, and theres nothing wrong with that. We also want our employees to be happy. After all, whats better than to see your team members smiling, enjoying themselves, and staying late because they enjoy being at work? But the press given to tech companies who continue upping the stakes in employee perks has led to a dangerous trend in our thinking about company culture. Using perks to attract and keep employees is a short-term approach. It focuses on present happiness, which always requires something new. Its a hedonic treadmill for the workplace. Meaningful work, on the other hand, is a lot harder to provide. Theres no bank account big enough to buy meaning for your employees. But putting in the effort to encourage a workplace that provides and increases a sense of meaning in team members is the best investment you can make for your companys culture. Simple team management Discover MeisterTask Its free! Discover MeisterTask

Allowing Modified Cars on the Road in the European Union

Allowing modified cars on the road in the European Union One of the hardest-fought controversies in the European Union today surrounds the standardization of requirements for consumer goods. Regarding this issue as it pertains to cars, this debate has proven to be particularly heated. Different nations have different safety standards, driving habits, and manufacturing requirements. These prerequisites must be taken into account when creating a standardized format for EU regulations. Now, the European Commission is drawing up plans for a roadworthiness test which would mean that all components had to conform to those which were on the car when it was first registered (Millward). The purpose of the test is to ensure that modifications do not result in compromises to safety or environmental sustainability. Ultimately, the phrasing of the law is written so restrictive and cumbersome it is more detrimental than helpful to consumers. The first objection raised by automotive industry professionals to the recent EU proposal regarding modified cars was that it would unfairly penalize owners of classic cars. Aficionados of classic cars call their beloved vehicles pieces of living history. Even responsible owners wishing to modify their cars to adhere to the current standards, would effectively be penalized. The focus of the EU on classic cars seems strange: classic cars make up only a small portion of vehicles on the road, tend to be second vehicles, and are oftenShow MoreRelatedAllowing Modified Cars on Road in the European Union960 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Allowing modified cars on the road in the European Union: Why banning all modified cars by the EU Ministry of Transportation is unsound One of the hardest-fought controversies in the European Union today is the standardization of requirements for consumer goods. Regarding the standardization of cars, this issue has proven to be particularly challenging. Different nations have different safety standards, driving habits, and manufacturing requirements, all of which must be rendered into aRead MoreDescription of a Hybrid Vehicle6309 Words   |  26 Pagesthe Electrilite[4] SH lightweight vehicle which used power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed a Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jà ¼rg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SH bicycle and in 1998 mounted the system onto a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). In 1999 Harald Kutzke described his concept of the activeRead MoreMolotov Ribbentrop Pact7210 Words   |  29 Pagesan agre ement officially titled the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union[1] and signed in Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939.[2] It was a non-aggression pact under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party. It remained in effect until 22 June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol dividingRead More The Atmosphere and International Environmental Law Essay5979 Words   |  24 PagesInternational Law because at the Stockholm conference the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) was created. In 1972 the world population was 3.84 billion and 72 percent lived in developing countries(Schoon 1). There were 200 million cars, but almost all of them were in developed countries(Schoon 1). The annual release of carbon dioxide was at sixteen billion tons, and the ambient level of carbon in the atmosphere was 327 parts per million(Schoon 2). In 1975 chlorine (CFC’s) wereRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 PagesLAS 432 Course Capstone Project Genetically Modified Organisms LAS 432 -93 Professor: Carolyn Paul June 23, 2013 Team B Team Leader: Michele Jacobs - D#03424398 Team Members: Aakash Desai – D#01297308 Thomas Graf - D#01260952 Justin Greene - D#03529375 Lauren Kaminski - D#00724282 Stephanie Lopez - D#03452598 Terrance O’Connor - D#01683321 Abstract This report discusses Genetically Modified Organisms from the perspective of a pro and con standpoint. It will be upRead MoreSolving Chinas Air Pollution Essay1942 Words   |  8 Pagesliving. Factories and skyscrapers were built, and millions of bicyclists started driving. In addition, millions of people were lifted out of poverty and the middle class is rapidly growing. This middle class consumes heavily-- buying larger homes and cars (causing demand for energy resources to increase). Increased coal consumption is problematic because coal, when burned, is the largest contributor of China’s air pollution. China’s response to economic growth and interest in economic development canRead MoreMalayan Campaign - the Matador Plan5816 Words   |  24 Pagesthe stationing of a strong fleet at the Singapore Naval Base in the event of any enemy hostility, both to defend Britains Far Eastern possessions and the route to Australia. At this time tension mounted in the region fo lowing the outbreak of the European war and the French in Indo-China clashed with the Thais. The Japanese make use of this as an oppurtunity with the increase on aggression over the region as well. 7. Upon the completion of the Singapore Naval Base and airfields on Singapore IslandRead MoreEssay on Ducati8819 Words   |  36 Pagesmillion motorcycles were sold around the world in 2001 (see Exhibit 2). Industry experts divided the market for lage-displacement motorcycles into four segments: off-road, cruisers, touring and sport bikes. The off-road segment typically included both motorcycles for purely off-road use, and motorcycles designed for both on-road and off-road use (dual purpose bikes). These motorcycles were characterized by an upright ergonomics, thickly padded seats, soft shocks, and superior sturdiness. The largest playersRead MoreGlobal Business Plan9701 Words   |  39 Pagescan be added to enhance the customers’ Italian experience including wine making and tasting, shopping for and cooking a meal, and cultural sights. Strategic Goals The strategic goal is to expand the existing company, Moto-America Tours, into the European tour market by specializing initially in Italy and later expanding into France, Spain and Portugal. Vision Statement To be the premier motorcycle touring company in Italy for people who want to travel as temporary Italians with a motorcycle asRead MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 Pagesinstance, could not have happened in England. And, as western peoples go, the English are very highly differentiated. There is a sort of back-handed admission of this in the dislike which nearly all foreigners feel for our national way of life. Few Europeans can endure living in England, and even Americans often feel more at home in Europe. When you come back to England from any foreign country, you have immediately the sensation of breathing a different air. Even in the first few minutes dozens of small

the three teleological frameworks and the three...

List and discuss in depth the three teleological frameworks and the three deontological frameworks. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Of these six frameworks, with which one do you most associate? Teleological frameworks focus in the results of the conduct of the individual is favorable or not. The three teleological frameworks are ethical egoism, utilitarianism, Sidgwick’s dualism. â€Å"Ethical egoism is based on the belief that every individual should act in a way to promote himself or herself if the net result will generate, on balance, positive rather than negative results† (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009, p. 4). This framework permits self-interest to play a role in the action of the person only if those actions†¦show more content†¦Deontological is derived from the Greek word deon means duty. (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009). The three deontological frameworks are existentialism, contractarianism, and Kant’s ethics. â€Å"Existentialism is based on the underlying belief that the only person who can determine right and wrong is the person making the decisions. As a results, each individual determines his or her own actions and is ultimately responsible for the consequences of those actions† (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009, p. 6). Contractarianism is based on the belief that individuals agree to social contacts to be members within the society and holds the view that membership in society comes with duties and responsibilities. This theory is based on the works of John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Garrett Hardin, and John Rawls. â€Å"Rawls argues that everyone should have equal rights and duties† (Stanwick Stanwick, 2009, p. 7). Also he stated that social and economic inequalities are acceptable to the society only if these inequalities generate benefits for everyone. Kant’s Ethics are based in the book of Immanuel Kant, Foundations of Metaphysics of Morals (1785), where he discussed ethical decisions based on the free will when an individual should act in a way in which one would expect everyone to act. His point of view is considered a dualism because it attempted to bridge the gap between the existentialism and contractarian point of view. (Stanwick Stanwick,Show MoreRelatedDilemmas Vs C hatbots812 Words   |  4 PagesComparison between our Framework and other Frameworks Our framework has a lot in common with the IBM framework, as well as the framework proposed by Keith Klundt. Between both our framework and IBMs framework, privacy is incredibly important. Making sure that the user can have complete trust in the chatbot. That trust is vital for the chatbot to really be effective. All three of the frameworks in question mention that there should be no abuse of humans by the chatbot. Whether it be using obsceneRead MoreDeontological, Teleological And Virtue Ethics926 Words   |  4 PagesWhen making decisions, especially critical ones, one can never be certain of the outcome to follow. An examination of three differing schools of thought Deontological, Teleological and Virtue ethics and lastly my own personal ethical paradigm will be considered for the following scenario. As platoon commander you are faced with choosing to abandon a village to its fate as enemy solders move in on your position or to disobey direct orders and intervene. The choice will carry dire consequences regardlessRead MoreThe Ethical Decision Of Humanitarian Action Is Guided More By The Deontological2998 Words   |  12 PagesThis essay seeks to explore how the ethical decision making in humanitarian action is guided more by the deontological (moral duty/non-consequentialist) view over the teleological (consequentialist). It also suggests that the history of moral dilemmas in humanitarian work ought to be revisited in order to develop a framework that can address them better. â€Å"Modern humanitarianism came to find moral justification in Kantian based imperatives in which actions are intrinsically good regardless of consequenceRead MoreThe Ethics And Social Welfare1568 Words   |  7 Pagesemergency contraception or not. Ethics and Ethical Frameworks Ethics are used by individuals to differentiate between rightness and wrongness when interacting with the world, broadly, it is a system of moral principles. Within practices, establishing a mutual approach to guide ethical decision-making are essential and identified as ethical frameworks. There are two fundamental ethical frameworks generally recognized: deontology or teleology. These frameworks subsume a variety of ethical theories. TeleologyRead MoreThe Ethics And Social Welfare1780 Words   |  8 Pagesnot. Ethics and Ethical Frameworks Ethics are used by individuals to differentiate between right and wrong when interacting with the world, broadly, it is a system of moral principles. Within practices, establishing a mutual approach to guide ethical decision-making are essential and identified as ethical frameworks (A Framework for Making Ethical Decisions, 2017). There are two fundamental ethical frameworks generally recognized: deontology or teleology. These frameworks subsume a variety of ethicalRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : Responsibilities And The Case1808 Words   |  8 Pagesnot. Ethics and Ethical Frameworks Ethics are used by individuals to differentiate between right and wrong when interacting with the world, broadly, it is a system of moral principles. Within practices, establishing a mutual approach to guide ethical decision-making are essential and identified as ethical frameworks (A Framework for Making Ethical Decisions, 2017). There are two fundamental ethical frameworks generally recognized: deontology or teleology. These frameworks subsume a variety of ethicalRead MoreMarketing Ethics Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesstockholders.† Ferrell’s amp; Gresham’s Contingency Framework is a model which is used as a guideline for the development of theory of ethical/unethical actions in organizational environments. According to this framework ethical/unethical decisions are controlled/moderated by three independent variables, which are individual factors, significant others in an organizational setting, and opportunity for action. According to Ferrell amp; Gresham the three variables can be further categorized into individualRead MoreEthical Ethics Of The Ethical System Essay2078 Words   |  9 Pagespaper is to better understand the ethical system. Ethical system is defined as beliefs of being right or wrong; it can be from religious values or even personal experiences. The topics I will focus on is teleological, then talk a little about the differences between deontological and teleological. Secondly, my current ethical system that best fits me. Third, major influence in my life that pushed me into my specific ethical system. Fourth, my current career plans, Firth ethical issues associated withRead MoreEdward Snowden Kantian Ethics1885 Words   |  5 Pagesto their programs and prosecuting many directly involved in the espionage of the public and political parties that were spied on. The US government, which continues to put pressure on the Russian government to hand Snowden back for prosecution with three felonies under the Espionage Act, seems upset and wanting to set an example to anyone willing to speak up against those in power, as if to place fear in anyone else with similar ideas or intentions. Whistleblowing is not protected against violatingRead More Genetic Engineering Essay example2745 Words   |  11 Pagesrisk is one of the most important elements in consequentialist analyses of genetic engineering and biotechnology. The term, or its linguistic equivalents, can be found in teleological and deontological arguments as well, but the role of the concrete risk of harm i s less central within these models. (1) The paragon of teleological risk-taking is Pascals famous wager-argument regarding our belief in the existence of God. (2) If God exists, Pascal argued, and if we fail to believe in Him, we stand

Regeneration and Delusion Free Essays

Explore how Pat Barker portrays the theme of escape in Regeneration and explain what this tells you about the effects of war. â€Å"In peace, children inter their parents; War violates the order of nature and causes parents to inter their children. † † Herodotus (484BC – 430BC) Regeneration is a novel that tells the story of soldiers of World War One sent to an asylum due to emotional tribulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Regeneration and Delusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regeneration connects as a â€Å"back door into the present†, particularly with the theme of escape; and Barker chooses to portray this through her faction novel. Inveterate indications of escape throughout the novel are masculation, sex, death and a sense of reality. It is genuinely hard to be sure what the majority of people in Britain knew about the war and battles like the Somme from the media of the day. The newspapers and their reporters offered a wide range of styles and opinions – as they still do – but often walked a difficult line between patriotic support for the war and a desire to convey its terrible nature. An extensive atmosphere of patriotism was generated by insincere information such as the propaganda. The media were supercilious, dehumanising the Germans to attract more soldiers, promising them that they would gain rare pportunities such as travel. Men, as well as women, were disillusioned. The reality of war was distorted and no longer became a heroic affair. Sassoon may be disillusioned when he mentions that this war may have been Justified â€Å"†¦ when it started†¦ † (Pg. 13). The authenticity of world war one was erroneous to the world surrounding the war. What the world saw was a picture that was glorified by the continuous mendaciousness made by the government and the commanding officers themselves. In Regeneration the reader is presented with Sassoon’s ‘Soldier’s Declaration’ (Pg. 3) written in July 1917 to declare that the war is futile. Sassoon’s declaration, a â€Å"wilful defiance of military authority’, clearly and logically states his decision to stop fghting as a soldier in world war one and clearly paints a vision of escape in the readers minds. He believes that the purpose of war has changed; what was once a war of liberation and defence has become one of aggression. This is a historical document and is one that was not suppressed merely due to the fact that Sassoon was a commanding officer. Because he was a commanding officer his document truly revealed the ways his beliefs got him to escape the war but make a trong argument too.. In Regeneration mental escape is the only way to relieve yourself of the war for a second until the next gunfire, the next shell blows or the next person comes into your care. Burns is a character who seems to be incapable of escaping his mental trauma caused by the war. He would tell you that the images of dying men and being ‘inside the stomach of a half blown German soldier’ (Pg. 19) with the stench of rotting innards devouring your nostrils would scar you mentally. eing wedged into a hole; and the heroic adventure was not nearly as heroic as the oldiers would have hoped for, Barker represented this through the struggle of men being sent to Craiglockhart and still never escaping the trenches as victims were immune to normal human life and trench life was still attached to their lives. The verisimilitudes of the characters of th is novel conform to our sense of reality. Barker uses unadorned dialect and language which was not used at the time to maintain a sense of veracity. It seems as though every character has a need to escape and Barker presents us with this idea through her language. Barker changes her use of language by changing the tmosphere and stripping away the dialogue, to romantic and poetic. She does this to remind us that Sassoon is sensitive and has a poetic side to him and this makes the reader feel closer to him, particularly when Graves identifies him as â€Å"Sass.. † A technique in which Barker depicts escape is bird imagery. This could be linked with religion in a way that white doves were a major symbol in Christianity and were symbolic of freedom and peace. Just the idea of birds makes the reader wonder about how they fly so freely and Burns manages to grab hold of this by â€Å"drifting off to sleep† (Pg. ) He is entering a dreamful state in which â€Å"he could stay there forever†. His dream reminds the reader of the preciousness of escape â€Å"A shaft of sunlight filtered through the leaves (†¦ ) shone sapphire, emerald, and amethyst. † This is proof that he can in fact escape in his dream world. This shaft o f light filtering through the leaves could be perceived as a motion of escape; Barker is hinting a glimmer of escape but not fully letting the light shine through representing the mental state of Burns. There is also a sense of escape though bird imagery again when Rivers is â€Å"under the spell of flickering birds† (Pg. ) however this is in a different light. With Burns, his sense of escape was in a dreamful manner but with Prior’s suffocation, the bird imagery sheds a new light, one of no escape. Even though Prior is out of war, his own problems still bother him and this shows that escape is Just an illusion. Another way Barker chooses to portray momentary escape is through the theme of sex and death. She chooses to depict her use of this type of escape through her creation of a character; Prior and her fairly new character, Sarah Lumb. Barker uses sensual language in the graveyard scene which is highly contrasting the general etting; sex in the midst of death. Generally, you are not meant to have this kind of interaction in such a holy place, this was a sign of disrespect. Barker could perhaps be commenting on how the war shook people’s religious views. Living through the war and being surrounded by death must have changed people’s views and no wonder attitudes towards sex changed as it was for some if only means of comfort and life affirmation. as Barker is subtly suggesting. However, the life ofa chick consists of living and dying in the hands of humans and this resembles the scene of the war; men were orn, sent to war, and slaughtered in the hands of human beings. It almost seems as though Barker is using allegory to describe the process of a hatching chick which ironically resemble the lives of the soldiers. (Pg. 1 52) â€Å"He remembered them struggling out of the eggs (†¦ ) curiously powerful (†¦ ) now the same chicks were scruffy, bedraggled things running in the coops. † Rivers escapes the environment of Craiglockhart however he doesn’t escape his patients. He writes to â€Å"David Burns† which shows what a caring fgure he is. He also begins to address Burns as ‘David’ and this shows how the relationship between hem is progressing. The perspective of escape changes when a female is finally given the opportunity to want to escape: Sarah Lumb. Barker being the omniscient narrator finally allows the reader to see how Sarah really feels. She needs to escape as she â€Å"began to feel distinctly green and hairy’. (Pg. 159) because the state of the men were too hard to handle. The irony of this is that men harmed man, but couldn’t handle the sight of their destruction. Earlier Barker presented us with Sassoon’s resentment towards the older generation for seeing the war as glory, and now Sarah Lumb also feels a sense of anger as â€Å"she trode on through the heat, not caring where she was going, furious with herself, the war†¦ everything†. She is angry at the country for sending all of these men to war as is Prior and this could represent a link between how men and women felt the same about war if you had been one of the very many to experience it. In a reader’s perspective, this also shows and agreement between social class differences as Prior and Sarah are both of different class and share the same resentment which shows an escape of the social barrier and some sort of relief of the war. Herodotus’ quote at the beginning sums up that in war there’s no escape, you get hrown into a war torn asylum and spend the rest of your life, if any, trying to escape, through writing, through poetry, through art, Just like Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon. However there was a chance of escape if you were seriously injured, and even then you were seen as a shirker and a failure and never mentally escaped the torture of war. Propaganda lead to young boys wanting to go to the war to fght for their country, meaning the children did in fact inter their parents, and once theyd lived the reality and managed to get away and go home, their parents did inter their hildren. Older generations that didn’t experience war saw it more as a playground of little toy soldiers they could fling around making it seem a lot more calm and fun than it actually was, but the reality was quite different. Men became so lonely in the trenches and at the hospitals that any kind of physical contact from women became precious and in Priors case, the feeling of war was â€Å"like sex† and euphoria. His escape was Sarah, and many other men would find sex through prostitutes and this shows through death; even then their souls would not be at peace and fully escaped as the ar would go on, but as one soldier departed the battle grounds, a new recruit would be put in his place allured by the propaganda and media. This displays a cycle of curtailed escape. There was no real escape in war as the pattern of death and new recruitment followed the cycle of life and even though this shows a great level of patriotism, futility is the only word to describe war. Bibliography Barker, Pat – Regeneration (England, 1991. Viking) Reusch, Wera – ‘A backdoor into the present’ an interview with Pat Barker, Germany. Lolapress (Translated from German) Nixon, Rob – An Interview with Pat Barker (England, February, 1992) How to cite Regeneration and Delusion, Papers

Subhas Chandra Bose and Indias Struggle for Independence Essay Example

Subhas Chandra Bose and Indias Struggle for Independence Essay Subhas Chandra Bose and Indias Struggle for Independence By Andrew Montgomery When one thinks of the Indian independence movement in the 1930s and early 1940s, two figures most readily come to mind: Mahatma Gandhi, the immensely popular and saintly frail pacifist, and his highly respected, Fabian Socialist acolyte, Jawaharlal Nehru. Less familiar to Westerners is Subhas Chandra Bose, a man of com parable stature who admired Gandhi but despaired at his aims and methods, and who became a bitter rival of Nehru. Bose played a very active and prominent role in Indias political life during most of the 1930s. For example, he was twice (1938 and 1939) elected Pres ident of the Indian National Congress, the countrys most important political force for freedom from the Raj, or British rule. While his memory is still held in high esteem in India, in the West Bose is much less revered, largely because of his wartime collaboration with the Axis powers. Both before and during the Second World War, Bose worked tirelessly to secure German and Japanese support in freeing his beloved homeland of foreign rule. We will write a custom essay sample on Subhas Chandra Bose and Indias Struggle for Independence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Subhas Chandra Bose and Indias Struggle for Independence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Subhas Chandra Bose and Indias Struggle for Independence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer During the final two years of the war, Bose with considerable Japanese backing led the forces of the Indian National Army into battle against the British. Ideology of Fusion As early as 1930 in his inaugural speech as mayor of Calcutta the fervent young Bose first expressed his support for a fusion of socialism and fascism: / 1 â€Å" I would say we have here in this policy and program a synthesis of what modern Europe calls Socialism and Fascism. We have here the justice, the equality, the love, which is the basis of Socialism, and combined with that we have the efficiency and the discipline of Fascism as it stands in Europe oday. † In years that followed, the brilliant, eclectic Bengali would occasionally modify this radical doctrine, but would never abandon it entirely. For example, in late 1944 almost a decade-and-a-half later in a speech to students at Tokyo University, he asserted that India must have a political system of an authoritarian character. . . To repeat once again, our philosophy should be a synthesis between National Socialism and Communism. / 2 In the wake of the crushing defeat in 1945 of Hitler and Mussolini, fascism has arguably been the most despised of all political ideologies. Postwar western society recognizes no fascist heroics, and even considers fascist traits particularly the authoritarian, charismatic, personal style of leadership, and the positive evaluation of violence and the willingness to use it for political purposes to be decidedly unpalatable. In India, though, Bose is regarded as a national hero, in spite of his repeated praise (as will be shown) for autocratic leadership and authoritarian government, and admiration for the European fascist regimes with which he allied himself. Like the leaders he admired in Italy and Germany, Bose was (and still is) popularly known as Netaji, or revered leader. His name, explains Mihir Bose (no relation), one of Subhas many biographers, is given [in India] to parks, roads, buildings, sports stadiums, artificial lakes; his statues stand in place of those of discarded British heroes and his photograph adorns thousands of calendars and millions of pan (betel-nut) shops. It is always the same portrait, continues the writer: Bose in his Indian National Army uniform, exhorting his countrymen forward to one last glorious struggle. / 3 No less a figure than Gandhi paid tribute to Boses remarkable courage and devotion. Six months after his death in an airplane crash on August 18, 1945, Gandhi declared: The hypnotism of the Indian National Army has cast its spell upon us. Netajis name is one to conjure with. His patriotism is second to none. . . His bravery shines through all his actions. He aimed high and failed. But who has not failed. / 4 On another occasion Gandhi eulogized: Netaji will remain immortal for all time to come for his service to India. / 5 Many of Boses admirers have been inclined to downplay or even ignore the fascist elements in his ideology, and even to pretend they never existed. For example, the text of Boses inaugural speech as mayor of Calcutta, cited above, was reprinted in a laudatory 1970 Netaji Birthday Supplement of the Calcutta Municipal Gazette, but with all references to fascism, including his support for a synthesis of fascism and socialism, carefully deleted. / 6 Several admiring biographers have found it easier to ignore the fascist elements in his ideology than to explain them. Their subjective accounts do not even inform the reader that Bose spoke positively about some features of fascism, or else, in an attempt to remove from their hero any possible taint, they qualify his remarks in ways that he himself did not. / 7 ‘Fascist’? During his lifetime, Bose was frequently denounced as a fascist or even a Nazi, particularly in the wake of the radical, revolutionary (as opposed to reformist) views he expressed in radio addresses broadcast to India from National Socialist Germany and, later, from quasi-fascist Japan. 8 For example, The Statesman, a highly influential Calcutta periodical, charged in November 1941: Mr. Boses views are those of the Nazis, and he makes no secret of it, / 9 while the BBC, Britains worldwide radio voice, frequently accused him of Fascism and Nazism. / 10 Additionally, historians and writers who do not admire Bose readily point up his fascist views. A. M. Nair, a historian who has written favorably of Indian revolutionary Rash Behari Bose (who had sought Japans help during and after the First World War), found nothing to praise about Subhas Chandra Bose. After all, wrote Nair, he was clearly a fascist. / 11 Recognized Leadership Bose, a patriot of almost fanatical zeal, first joined the Indian national movement in 1921, working under C. R. Das, whom he idolized. He was jailed for six months in 1921-1922 because of his po-litical activities. Immediately upon his release, the 25-year-old Bose organized (and presided over) the All-Bengal Young Mens Con ference. As a result of his remarkable leadership abilities and ambition, he advanced quickly through nationalist ranks. He was soon elected General Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee (BPCC). In 1924, at the age of 27, Bose was elected the Chief Executive Officer of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, which effectively put him in charge of the second-largest city in the British empire. As a result of his close ties with nationalist terrorists, in late 1924 he was detained by British authorities and held, without trial, for three years in prison. In 1928, the 31-year-old Bose was elected president of the BPCC, and, at the Cal cutta meeting of the Congress party held that December, he came to national prominence by pressing (unsuccessfully) for the adoption by his provincial committee of an independence resolution. By 1930 Bose had formulated the broad strategy that he believed India must follow to throw off the yoke of British imperialism and assume its rightful place as a leader in Asia. During his years in Mandalay prison and another short term of imprisonment in Alipore jail in 1930, he read many works on political theory, including Francesco Nittis Bolshevism, Fascism and Democracy and Ivanoe Bonomis From Socialism to Fascism. 12 It is clear that these works on fascism influenced him, and caused an immediate modification of his long-held socialist views: as noted above, in his inaugural speech as mayor of Calcutta, given a day after his release from Alipore jail, he revealed his support for a seemingly contradictory ideological synthesis of socialism and fascism. Until his death 15 years later, Bose would continue publicly to praise certain aspects of fascism and express his hope for a synthesis of that ideology and socialism. His detailed comments on the matter in his book The Indian Struggle: 1920-1934, which was first published in 1935, accurately represent the views he held throughout most of his career. As such, the most important of them, along with Boses own actions, will be analyzed here in some detail. Program Outlined Contending that the Indian National Congress was somewhat out of date, and suffered from a lack of unity and strong leadership, Bose predicted in The Indian Struggle that out of a Left-Wing revolt there will ultimately emerge a new full-fledged party with a clear ideology, program and plan of action. / 13 The program and plan of action of this new party would, wrote Bose, follow this basic outline: / 14 â€Å"1. The party will stand for the interests of the masses, that is, of the peasants, workers, etc. , and not for the vested interests, that is, the landlords, capitalists and money-lending classes. â€Å"2. It will stand for the complete political and economic liberation of the Indian people. â€Å"3. It will stand for a Federal Government for India as the ultimate goal, but will believe in a strong Central Government with dictatorial powers for some years to come, in order to put India on her feet. â€Å"4. It will believe in a sound system of state-planning for the reorganization of the agricultural and industrial life of the country. â€Å"5. It will seek to build up a new social structure on the basis of the village communities of the past, that were ruled by the village Panch and will strive to break down the existing social barriers like caste. â€Å"6. It will seek to establish a new monetary and credit system in the light of the theories and the experiments that have been and are current in the modern world. â€Å"7. It will seek to abolish landlordism and introduce a uniform land-tenure system for the whole of India. 8. It will not stand for a democracy in the Mid-Victorian sense of the term, but will believe in government by a strong party bound together by military discipline, as the only means of holding India together and preventing a chaos, when Indians are free and are thrown entirely on their own resources. â€Å"9. It will not restrict itself to a campaign inside Ind ia but will resort to international propaganda also, in order to strengthen Indias case for liberty, and will attempt to utilize the existing international organizations. â€Å"10. It will endeavor to unite all the radical organizations under a national executive so that whenever any action is taken, there will be simultaneous activity on many fronts. † Synthesis Bose went on to note that Nehru had said in 1933: I dislike Fascism intensely and indeed I do not think it is anything more than a crude and brutal effort of the present capitalist order to preserve itself at any cost. There is no middle road between Fascism and Communism, said Nehru, so one had to choose between the two and I choose the Communist ideal. / 15 To this Bose responded: / 16 â€Å"The view expressed here is, according to the writer, fundamentally wrong. . . One is inclined to hold that the next phase in world- history will produce a synthesis between Communism and Fascism. And will it be a surprise if that synthesis in produced in India? In spite of the antithesis between Communism and Fascism, there are certain traits in common. Both Communism and Fascism believe in the supremacy of the State over the individual. Both denounce parliamentary democracy. Both believe in party rule. Both believe in the dictatorship of the party and in the ruthless suppression of all dissenting minorities. Both believe in a planned industrial reorganization of the country. These common traits will form the basis of the new synthesis. That synthesis is called by the writer Samyavada an Indian word, which means literally the doctrine of synthesis or equality. It will be Indias task to work out this synthesis. † Before taking a closer look at these remarkable words, four points need to be made. First, Boses fascist model was almost certainly Mussolinis Italy, not Hitlers Germany. In 1934 Bose made the first of several visits to Fascist Italy and found both the regime and its leader very agreeable. On that occasion he had a cordial (first) meeting with Mussolini a man who really counts in the politics of modern Europe. / 17 After The Indian Struggle appeared in print in 1935, Bose made a special stop in Rome personally to present a copy to the Duce. / 18 Second, the book was completed a full year before the commencement of the Italian invasion of Ethiopia (Abyssinia), in October 1935. While Bose would, by the time he completed his book, have known about such violent incidents as The Night of the Long Knives the SS killing of dozens of SA men on June 30, 1934 he had no real reason to consider the European fascist regimes unusually violent, murderous or bellicose. I should like to point out that when I was writing the book, he later explained, / 19 â€Å"Fascism had not started on its imperialistic expedition, and it appeared to me merely an aggressive form of nationalism . . . What I really meant was that we in India wanted our national freedom, and having won it, we wanted to move in the direction of Socialism. This is what I meant when I referred to a synthesis between Communism and Fascism. Perhaps the expression I used was not a happy one. † Third, despite Boses claim to represent the political left, and that a party supporting a fusion of fascism and socialism would be ushered in by a Left-Wing revolt, the ideology he expounded might more appropriately be regarded as right wing. Boses ideology was radical and contained socialist elements such as the desire to abolish the traditional class structure and create a society of equal opportunity, and the claim to represent the peasants and workers. To that extent it can be considered left wing. It is worth noting that Hitlers right wing political movement the National Socialist German Workers Party shared many of Boses socialist goals. / 20 Nehru, a committed socialist, challenged Boses characterization of himself and his followers as left wing: It seems to me that many of the so-called Leftists are more Right than the so-called Rightists. Strong language and a capacity to attack the old Congress leadership is not a test of Leftism in politics. / 21 Lastly, it should be noted that Bose was willing to tone down his more radical political beliefs on those occasions when he considered it advantageous or necessary to do so. For example, in his February 1938 inaugural speech as President of the Indian National Congress, Bose probably in a sincere attempt to placate the Gandhian faction made statements that appear to represent almost an about face from the political views he had expounded in The Indian Struggle. In a future independent India, he said, / 22 â€Å"the party itself will have a democratic basis, unlike, for instance, the Nazi party which is based on the leader principle. The existence of more than one party and the democratic basis of the Congress party will prevent the future Indian State becoming a totalitarian one. Further, the democratic basis of the party will ensure that leaders are not thrust upon the people from above, but are elected from below. † It is possible that these statements reflect a temporary change of mind, but it is more likely that they reflect Boses efforts during this period to gain further political respectability, to prove that he was more than just a radical and revolutionary Bengali. By doing so he apparently hoped to win wider acceptance of the policies he wanted to implement in his year as Congress President: policies which were not especially radical or revolutionary. / 23 According to Nirad Chaudhuri, his former personal secretary, Bose tried very hard during this period to seek agreement with the Gandhian faction over the direction the Congress party should move, and even showed something like tender filial piety towards Gandhi, of whom he had been very critical in The Indian Struggle. 24 It is against this political background that Boses statements to the Congress party meeting in February 1938 should be seen. A year later he successfully recontested the presidential election, but two months afterwards was forced to resign because of his inability to resolve his differences with Gandhi and the Gandhian faction. Probably believing that his earlier suspicions of democracy had been proven correct, and feeling that there was now no use in trying to win the favor or approval of more conservative elements in the Congress party, Bose once again proclaimed his belief in the efficacy of authoritarian government and a synthesis of fascism and socialism. Many similar examples can be cited to show how Bose outwardly (but probably not inwardly) modified his views to suit changing political contexts. A Life for India Throughout his political career, Indias liberation from British rule remained Boses foremost political goal; indeed, it was a lifelong obsession. As he explained in his most important work, The Indian Struggle, the political party he envisioned will stand for the complete political and economic liberation of the Indian people. Speaking of Bose a few days after his death in August 1945, Jawaharlal Nehru said: / 25 â€Å"In the struggle for the cause of Indias independence he has given his life and has escaped all those troubles which brave soldiers like him have to face in the end. He was not only brave but had deep love for freedom. He believed, rightly or wrongly, that whatever he did was for the independence of India Although I personally did not agree with him in many respects, and he left us and formed the Forward Bloc, nobody can doubt his sincerity. He struggled throughout his life for the independence of India, in his own way. † Along with his abiding love for his country, Bose held an equally passionate hatred of the imperial power that ruled it: Great Britain. In a radio address broadcast from Berlin on March 1, 1943, he exclaimed that Britains demise was near, and predicted that it would be Indias privilege to end that Satanic empire. / 26 The fundamental principle of his foreign policy, Bose declared in a May 1945 speech in Bangkok, is that Britains enemy is Indias friend. / 27 Although these two speeches are from his final years, they express views he had held since before his April 1921 resignation from the Indian Civil Service. / 28 It was this principle of making friends with Britains enemies in the hope that they would assist him in liberating India that brought him in 1941 to Germany and then, in 1943, to Japan. Violence or Non-Violence? Bose envisaged that the complete political and economic liberation of the Indian people would inevitably require the use of force. Just before resigning from the Indian Civil Service, he discussed with Dilip Kumar Roy, his closest friend, the subject of anti-British terrorism. I admit is it regrettable, he said, even ugly if you will, though it also has a terrible beauty of its own. But maybe that beauty does not unveil her face except for her devotees. / 29 Violence was not new to Bose, even at that early stage of his career. In 1916 he had been expelled from Presidency College in Calcutta for his part in the violent assault on Professor Edward Oaten, who had allegedly insulted Indian students. / 30 Moreover, although he occasionally claimed to detest violence, / 31 and criticized isolated acts of terrorism (which he considered ineffective and counterproductive), / 32 he was never really committed to Gandhis policy of non-violence. / 33 He regarded the Gandhi-supported civil disobedience campaign as an effective means of paralyzing the administration, but regarded it as inadequate unless ccompanied by a movement aimed at total revolution and prepared, if necessary, to use violence. / 34 Militarism Related to Boses willingness to use violence to gain political objective was his belief expressed in The Indian Struggle, for example that a government by a strong party should be bound together by military discipline. Indeed Bose was infatuated with military discipline, and later commented that his basic tra ining in the University Unit of the India Defence Force (for which he volunteered in 1917, while a student at Scottish Church College in Calcutta) gave me something which I needed or which I lacked. The feeling of strength and of self-confidence grew still further. / 35 Bose was able to give much grander expression to his militarism when, in 1930, he volunteered to form a guard of honor during the ceremonial functions at the Calcutta session of the Congress party. Such guards of honor were not uncommon, but the one Bose formed and commanded was unlike anything previously seen. More than 2,000 volunteers were given military training and organized into battalions. About half wore uniforms, with specially designed steel-chain epaulettes for the officers. Bose, in full dress uniform (peaked cap, standing collar, ornamental breast cords, and jodhpurs) even carried a Field Marshals baton when he reviewed his troops. Photographs taken at the conference show him looking entirely out of place in a sea of khadi (traditional Indian clothing). Gandhi and several other champions of Non-violence (Ahimsa) were uncomfortable with this display. / 36 The Indian National Army A high point in Boses military career came in July 1943 in Singapore. At a mass meeting there on July 4, Rash Behari Bose (no relation) handed over to him the leadership of the Indian Independence League. The next day, Subhas Bose reviewed for the first time the soldiers of the Indian National Army (INA), which then comprised 13,000 men. In his address to the troops, which is a good example of his speaking style, he cited George Washington and Giuseppi Garibaldi as examples of men who led armies that won independence for their respective countries. Bose went on: / 37 â€Å"Soldiers of Indias army of liberation! â€Å"Every Indian must feel proud that this Army his own Army has been organized entirely under Indian leadership and that, when the historic moment arrives, under Indian leadership it will go to battle Comrades! You have voluntarily accepted a mission that is the noblest that the human mind can conceive of. For the fulfillment of such a mission, no sacrifice is too great, not even the sacrifice of ones life â€Å" Today is the proudest day of my life. For an enslaved people, there can be no greater pride, no higher honor, than to be the first soldier in the army of liber ation. But this honor carries with it a corresponding responsibility, and I am deeply conscious of it. I assure you that I shall be with you in darkness and in sunshine, in sorrow and in joy, in suffering and in victory. For the present, I can offer you nothing except hunger, thirst, privation, forced marches and death. But if you follow me in life and in death, as I am confident you will, I shall lead you to victory and freedom. It does not matter who among us will live to see India free. It is enough that India shall be free, and that we shall give our all to make her free. â€Å"May God now bless our Army and grant us victory in the coming fight! † This Free India Army (Azad Hind Fauj) would not only emancipate India from the British yoke, he told the soldiers, but would, under his command, become the standing national army of the liberated nation. Choreography for Impact As his staging at the 1930 Calcutta session of the Congress party suggest, Bose understood early on the importance of political choreography and the aesthetics of mass meetings. After his visits to Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany, he was even more mindful of the importance for any successful broad-based political movement of mass meetings, marches, visual symbols, and ceremonial or liturgical rituals. For example, at the 51st session of the Congress party at Haripura in 1938, Bose made sure that his entrance as the new Congress President would be spectacular. Escorted by 51 girls in saffron saris (the number corresponding with the number of the Congress session), he was seated in an ancient chariot drawn by 51 white bullocks, and taken on a two hour procession through 51 specially-constructed gates, accompanied by 51 brass bands. / 38 Political choreography of this type although not to this extreme degree was very evident at all mass rallies (which sometimes attracted crowds numbering as many as 200,000) of the Forward Bloc party that Bose formed in 1939. Carefully chosen symbols, slogans and songs, coupled with a flood of written propaganda, were used in an unsuccessful attempt to make the Forward Bloc into a mass party. / 39 Even during the last years of the war, when he was in southeast Asia heading the Provisional Government of Free India and the INA, he continued to choreograph carefully all of his rallies, meetings and ceremonies, in order to maximize their impact. He also realized that his own role in this choreography was central. Even in the hottest tropical weather, for instance, he wore an imposing military uniform, including forage cap, khaki tunic and jodhpurs, and shiny, knee-length black boots. Moreover, whenever he travelled he demanded all the rights and privileges of a head of state. On his road travels in Malaya, for example, he insisted on a full ceremonial escort; Japanese military jeeps mounted with sub-machine guns, a fleet of cars, and motorcycle outriders. / 40 Historian Mihir Bose argues persuasively that such carefully planned actions were manifestations not of megalomania, but rather of Subhas Boses effort to create a sense of unity transcending class, caste and origin among the large and diverse populations of Indians in Southeast Asia, to increase their political awareness, to arouse and inspire both them and his INA troops, and to show the world that he regarded himself as a political leader of substance and importance. / 41 This naturally raises the question of Boses leadership style. In the passage from The Indian Struggle quoted above at length, he expressed his belief in what he called the dictatorship of the party (the party being the governing body of a free India), but he did not specify the precise nature of the partys leadership, or whether it, too, would be dictatorial. Most importantly, he did not state whether he saw himself as the party leader, or comment directly on what role he intended for himself in a free India. Nonetheless, clues about these details can be gleaned from other sections of The Indian Struggle and from the speeches and statements Bose made at various times throughout his career. Determined Leadership Bose clearly admired strong, vigorous, military-type leaders, and in The Indian Struggle he listed several whom he particularly respected. These included Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin and even a former British governor of Bengal, Sir Stanley Jackson. / 42 Nowhere in this book is there any criticism of these individuals (three of them dictators) for having too much power, yet another man is chastised for this: Mahatma Gandhi. Bose admired Gandhi for many things, not least his ability to exploit the mass psychology of the people, just as Lenin did the same thing in Russia, Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany. / 43 But he accused Gandhi of accepting too much power and responsibility, of becoming a Dictator for the whole country who issued decrees to the Congress. / 44 According to Bose, Gandhi was a brilliant and gifted man, but, unlike Mussolini, Hitler and the others mentioned, a very ineffectual leader. Gandhi had failed to liberate India because of his frequen t indecision and constant willingness to compromise with the Raj (something Bose said he would never do). / 45 It is clear that Bose who believed from his youth that he was destined for reatness / 46 saw himself as a strong leader in the mold of those named above. I ask those who have any doubts or suspicions in their minds to rely on me, he told the Indian Independence League Conference in Singapore on July 4, 1943. He continued: / 47 â€Å"I shall always be loyal to India alone. I will never deceive my motherland. I will live and die for India . . . The British could not bring me to submission by inflicting hardships on me. British statesmen could neither induce me nor deceive me. There is no one who can divert me from the right path. † Bose was decisive, aggressive and ambitious, and even as a university student, these features of his personality attracted many devoted followers. Dilip Kumar Roy, his companion during his days as a student at Cambridge, referred to him as strength-inspiring, and the absolute leader of the Indian student population. / 48 Boses militarism, ambition and leadership traits do not necessarily indicate (contrary to popular opinion) that he was a leader in the fascist mold. If they did, one would have to consider all personalities with similar traits Winston Churchill, for example as fascist. In this regard, it is worth noting that during his many years as head of various councils, committees and offices, and during 15-month tenure as President of the Indian National Congress (February 1938 to May 1939), Bose never acted in an undemocratic manner, nor did he claim powers or responsibilities to which he was not constitutionally or customarily entitled. Neither did he attempt in any way to foster a cult of his own personality (as, it could be argued, Gandhi did). However, after he assumed control of the INA in July-August 1943, Boses leadership style underwent a transformation. First, he allowed a cult of his personality to flourish among the two million or so Indians living in southeast Asia. Prayers were regularly said on his behalf, and his birthday celebrations were like Gandhis in India major festivals. / 49 He was invincible, according to one Indian myth from this period, and could not be harmed by bombs or bullets. 50 An image of Bose that stressed his strength of character, military prowess, and willingness to sacrifice for a free India was intentionally promoted in propaganda broadcasts and printed material. With his approval, the title Netaji (Revered Leader) was added to his name in all articles about him appearing in the newspapers of the Indian Independence League; even his staff officers were permitted to address him with this title. / 51 By the end of the war, few Indians in south Asia still referred to him by name; he was always respectfully called Netaji. 52 Authoritarian Rule Second, in contrast to his statement at the 1938 Haripura session of the Congress party (quoted above) that leaders would be elected from below Bose proclaimed, on October 21, 1943, the formation of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India). While retaining his post as Supreme Commander of the Indian National Army, he announced that he was naming himself Head of State, Prime Minister, and Minister for War and Foreign Affairs. 53 (The most important of these positions Head of State he anticipated retaining in a free India. ) These appointments involved no democratic process or voting of any kind. Further, the authority he exercised in these posts was dictatorial and often very harsh. He demanded total obedience and loyalty from the Indians in south Asia, and any who opposed him, his army or government fac ed imprisonment