Virtual Organization Behavior Framework - 1292 Words

Virtual Organization Behaviour Framework There are main components to develop a virtual organization: (1) Virtual Worker A â€Å"multimedia personel† who have high competency in various applications of information technology, has a range of skills (multiskill), educated, and have a high knowledge. An effective person who have high adaptation skill, creativity, and innovation, to effectively manage variety of jobs. This kind of worker will have a success rate to survive, the success of creativity and innovation, as well as the success of its high adaptations. He can do this by his ability to learn about efficiency. (2) Virtual Teamwork A high performance team that formed by the merger of high-tech and high-tauch. A virtual teamwork is a team that consists of individuals who are able to work together effectively, build shared ideas, and being able to act through a digital nervous system in accordance with a common goal. Virtual teamwork has a high corporate IQ because of their ability to immerse theirself in team mission and vision of the team and their ability to dispose their ego. (3) Integrated Network Intelligence This is a high ability to integrate in complex relationships and networks, which crossed to each other. This integration is achieved because each organization will support interdependent resources from other organizations. Every organization has a high systematic thinking ability. A thinking system is a holistic way of thinking in judging something that wouldShow MoreRelatedImpact of Globalization on Development of Business1520 Words   |  6 Pagesglobalization can be considered to be a historical process that entails a significant shift in the level of reach of spatial reach of networks as well as systems of social relations to interregional or transcontinental patters of the human activity, organization as well as exercise of power (McGrew 98). How globalization impacts the growth and development of businesses Globalization is noted to have an impact on the growth, development and operations of joint ventures, global alliances, and mergers andRead MoreSupply Chain Management Approach Analysis Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesdistribution, logistics, the supply chain, strategic planning, tactical planning, operations management, organizational structures and behavior, personnel administration, compensation, benefits, career paths, and health and safety practices† (Schwalbe, 2011). This case study discusses how a project manager is tasked with an assignment to position the organization to distribute its resources/products online. After the successful implementation of an ERP system â€Å"AD decided to further invest to improveRead MoreEvaluating A Remuneration Policy And Selecting Qualified Employees1307 Words   |  6 Pagesimplementation of a compensation and performance management system, ensuring equal employment opportunities, and developing effective organization and leadership . One of my main functions would be to formulate a remuneration policy in such a way that employees give optimal performance and feel they get a fair deal, new employees are attracted to the organization, and the organization is able to retain existing employees. This serves as a motivation tool for employees to perform better. In order to arriveRead MoreBureaucratic Businesses And Virtual Businesses Of The Online Age1304 Words   |  6 PagesBureaucratic Businesses and Virtual Businesses of the Online Age As the world comes to the end of another calendar year, opportunities and breakthroughs for improved technologies continue flooding the desks and labs of technical and electrical engineers, scientists and the like. According to Lisa Kimball (1997), author of Managing Virtual Teams: â€Å"New technology requires us to rethink these dynamics because we don’t have the option to use familiar approaches. It gives us an opening to change the wayRead MoreEssay Challenges of Virtual Teams1096 Words   |  5 PagesA virtual team is a group of people working interdependently via various types of electronic media across organizational and geographical boundaries for a shared purpose (D’Souza Colarelli, 2010). Research indicates virtual teams are becoming increasingly popular in organizations across the United States and the world (D’Souza Colarelli, 2010; Rusman, van Bruggen, Sloep, Koper, 2010). These teams vary in size, degree of geographic dispersion, prior shared w ork experience, nature of assignmentRead MorePerformance Management Framework Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesPerformance Management Framework Kari Stormoen HRM/531 August 5, 2013 Tiffany Mytty-Klein Performance Management Framework Mr. Stonefield is starting his own business in Austin, Texas, called Landslide Limousine Service. One of the fundamental elements to building this new business venture is creating a framework for performance management. The framework must include necessary employee job skills, the methods used for measuring these skills, the process for addressing skill gaps, and theRead MoreThe Role Of Organizational Behavior By Embracing Performance Management Research Essay759 Words   |  4 Pagesof stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance and CEO values’, Academy of Management Journal, 42(5), pp.507-525. Aguinis, H., C. Pierce, (2008) ‘Enhancing the Relevance of Organizational Behavior by Embracing Performance Management Research’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29 (1) pp.139-145 Atrill, P., E. McLaney, (2011) Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists, 7th Edition, Harlow: FT/Prentice Hall Barney, J. (1986) ‘Organizational Culture: Can it be a source of sustainedRead MoreEthics And Moral Properties And Values1193 Words   |  5 Pagesreaction to certain situations. For example, a person speaking publically cannot control whether they blush or not (Devon, 2016). Emotions, like attitudes, help define and express a person during different unique situations. Ethics are the concept of behaviors depicted to be right and wrong. There are three areas covering ethics as a whole. The first division of ethics is metaethics which researches the foundations of moral properties and values. Two other important topics falling under metaethics areRead MoreTaking a Look at Leadership Styles707 Words   |  3 Pagesbusiness. New leadership approaches are needed to create effective and efficient global operations (Colfax, 2009). Successful managers need to replace the traditional styles of leadership, foster innovation, and create approaches that embrace the virtual and global changes that rapidly expand each day. This consists of leader’s shifting their normal techniques and rearranging them to the growing demands of the environment (Santos, 2009). Nonetheless, there is no one right way to lead; instead, differentRead MoreRunning Head: Brief Literature Review Draft . Brief Literature1636 Words   |  7 Pagesweek three mapping. The draft pape r helps identifying and considering the theoretical or conceptual frameworks present throughout the literatures. In addition, this draft paper continues to focus and including synthesizing and aggregating the literature, as well as providing a critical analysis of the literature sources as regards to ethical leadership or good leadership. This paper will include framework and transformational leadership theories. There are differentiates amongst the style of transformational

Changing Times And Marriage. - 1746 Words

Changing Times and Marriage Hillary Becker Student Number: 8281930 University College of the North Soc2140: Social Psychology Instructor: Harvey Briggs Thompson Site About eight years ago, I went to a wonderful wedding. It was an expensive wedding; amazing food, incredible decorations, free bar, live entertainment, and the most expensive wedding dress I had ever seen. I bet the cost was well over $35,000.00. I was completely mesmerized and awestruck by the event. Then, oddest thing happened. When I was in the lady’s room doing my lady business, I overheard the bride say laughingly: â€Å"Well, it’s not like its forever†! While I was washing my hands I could hear her voice in my head saying the traditional oath â€Å"till death do†¦show more content†¦How did it go from almost hiding your face due to the shame of being divorced to being like half of the adult population that has been married? I do not profess to be a sociologist; for I am not smart enough to understand the concepts or capable of dressing the part, but I am very interested in how the society I live in is constantly evolving. It may be possible that the decline in permanent marriages are the result of a cultural tendency in perception that promotes individual happiness and fulfillment as the most important goal to achieve. The main reason for marriage today under this concept, is for the individual to acquire love and experience happiness. Society has put greet emphasis on achieving this goal, and that if a person is unhappy, then their life is not fulfilling and they should endeavor to make changes so that their life is fulfilling. Marriage is seen today as something that should not last forever if true happiness is not met. It has become somewhat disposable in concept. If an unhappy marriage was permanent, the door would be closed and that individual would never find self-fulfillment (Shulman, 2004) . This contemporary view of marriage creates an unrealistic myth of the importance of finding a soul mate in order to be happy and once you find this person, things will always be good. If things are not good, then you have made a mistake, an error and you need get a divorce

Commodore Perry’s Journey to Japan Free Essays

After the conclusion of the War of 1812 and prior to the Civil War, the United States Navy entered into a peacetime role. Initially, this role was to protect commerce trading in both inland and international waterways. However, that role was soon expanded upon with Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry’s journey to Japan. We will write a custom essay sample on Commodore Perry’s Journey to Japan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The journey had its immediate impact, including the signing of a comprehensive treaty that established trade relations with Japan and provided protection for sailors and their ships. Perry’s expedition also had the impact of serving as a precursor for the change in what the Navy’s responsibilities encompassed, which even carry on to the present day Navy. Commodore Perry left for Japan with the objectives of opening up Japanese ports to trade and ensuring American presence and protection in East Asia. These terms were outlined in â€Å"detailed instructions from the Secretary of the Navy John P. Kennedy, diplomatic instructions from the State Department, and a letter from President Millard Fillmore to the Emperor of Japan†2 that Perry carried with him on his voyage. From beginning to end Perry’s voyage spanned nine months and was filled with trials and tribulations. The Japanese were initially turned off to the idea of Americans entering their country, and would not even let them step on land. Only twice did Perry and his squadron come ashore in the nine months prior to the signing of the official treaty. Most of the negotiations took place upon various ships in Perry’s control and the meetings were often difficult to coordinate. Based on notes from Perry’s personal journal, these complications often lead to frustration and Perry was constantly considering employing â€Å"whole force† that he was granted to use if he deemed it necessary to achieve his goals. 3 However, this was ultimately unnecessary, and Perry did well to remind himself that his voyage was diplomatic and pacific in nature. The negotiations were an arduous process and Perry even left Japan returning later with twice as many ships, anticipating a struggle. This was unnecessary as the Japanese agreed to Perry’s desires and the â€Å"black ships† saw no combat. With the agreement of the Japanese the Treaty of Kanagawa was drafted and subsequently signed on 31 March 1854. This treaty allowed for a U. S. consul to be created at Shimoda, and allowed access to the ports of Hakodate and Shimoda for the purpose of obtaining â€Å"wood, water, provisions, and coal, and other articles their necessities may require. † The treaty also required that â€Å"whenever ships of the United States are thrown or wrecked on the coast of Japan, the Japanese vessels will assist them, and carry their crews to Shimoda. Thirdly, men staying in Shimoda and Hakodate, or any seamen shipwrecked shall be free and â€Å"shall not be subject to†¦restrictions and confinement. †4Although there was not a formal agreement on trade in these open ports, Perry assumed correctly that with an American presence in port, trade would come naturally. 5 The initial impact of Perry’s expedition and the treaty with Japan gave the United States Navy many new rol es and an international presence on the high seas. Japan had been a country focused on isolationism for centuries. This isolationism is mainly connected to the zeal of early missionaries who traveled to Japan. The United States was able to avert this conflict in values by Commodore Perry’s outright statement to the Japanese leadership that the United States government â€Å"does not interfere with the religion of its own people, much less with that of other nations. †6 Several attempts were made to open Japan to American trade, but all had failed. One such failure was that of Commodore James Biddle, which proved to be a complete embarrassment for the United States, as he made several mistakes in his conduct and on top of it all needed to be towed out of port by a Japanese ship. The fact that Commodore Perry was successful in his mission changed the status quo in regards to what the United States Navy could and could not do. Perry proved that the United States was capable of having a forward presence in foreign lands and was able to establish international trade in East Asia. The establishment of commercial relations with Japan furthered the Navy’s responsibility in pro tecting trade. Perry’s exploits also showed that diplomacy was a possible way for the United States to establish influence in other countries. Thirdly, Perry and his â€Å"black ships† were the first sign of American deterrence. The fact that American ships were off the coast of Japan ready to attack an underprepared country made it very difficult for the Japanese to negotiate anything in their favor or make any tactical or strategic decisions to remove the threat of Perry’s force. The roles of the Navy that Commodore Perry established in the mid-nineteenth century are still prevalent in the present day. The idea of the Navy as a protector of commerce (although established before Perry, he was instrumental in expanding the Navy’s prevalence in ensuring safe trade) continues into the present day. An example of this would be ships stationed in the Mediterranean Sea. This area, specifically around the Strait of Hormuz is crucial to trade in the Middle East. The presence of the United States Navy maintains a safe trading environment between the United States and its allies, and other countries in the region. Commodore Perry also introduced the idea of deterrence, which is crucial in the operations of the Navy in today’s world. One example of American deterrence is the use of submarines, equipped with nuclear war heads and ballistic missiles, which are virtually invisible to our enemies. Perry also proved that diplomacy was a very potent way to establish influence in foreign countries and maintain a presence without force. This is also seen in the United States establishment of embassies in foreign countries and the use of diplomats to negotiate with foreign countries. Commodore Perry’s expedition to Japan had a tremendous impact on the United States at the time it occurred, but it also had an everlasting impact on how the Navy operates and what roles and responsibilities it chooses to take on. Notes 1. Walworth, Arthur. Black ships off Japan; the story of Commodore Perry’s expedition 242. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1946. 2. Bradford, James C. Quarterdeck and bridge: two centuries of American naval leaders 115. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997. 3. Perry, Matthew Calbraith, and Roger Pineau. The Japan Expedition, 1852-1854; the personal journal of Commodore Matthew C. Perry 157. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968. 4. Barrows, Edward Morley. The great commodore; the exploits of Matthew Calbraith Perry 365. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co, 1935. 5. Anderson, David. â€Å"Perry, Matthew Calbraith. â€Å"American National Biography Online Feb. 2000 (accessed October 2, 2012). 6. Walworth, Arthur. Black ships off Japan. 243. 7. Bradford, James C. Quarterdeck and Bridge. 113. Bibliography Anderson, David. â€Å"Perry, Matthew Calbraith. â€Å"American National Biography Online Feb. 000 (accessed October 2, 2012). Barrows, Edward Morley. The great commodore; the exploits of Matthew Calbraith Perry 365. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co, 1935. Bradford, James C. Quarterdeck and bridge: two centuries of American naval leaders. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997. Perry, Matthew Calbraith, and Roger Pineau. The Japan Expedition, 1852-1854; the personal journal of Commodore Matthew C. Perry 157. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968. Walworth, Arthur. Black ships off Japan; the story of Commodore Perry’s expedition. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1946. How to cite Commodore Perry’s Journey to Japan, Essay examples

Down Syndrome 3 Essay Example For Students

Down Syndrome 3 Essay Down Syndrome Down Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. It occurs in about 1 of every 800 births. People with Down syndrome may have mild to severe learning disabilities. Physical symptoms include a small skull, extra folds of skin under the eyes, and a protruding tongue. People with Down syndrome are subject to a variety of medical problems including heart abnormalities and thyroid gland dysfunction. Survival rates have been increased dramatically in recent years as problems specific to Down syndrome become known, allowing the early treatment. The life expectancy of people with Down syndrome now approaches that of people with out it. Usually its around 55 years old. You would have numerous abnormalities; it wouldnt go over well in school. People dont accustom to that very well in public schools. The genetic cause for Down syndrome is when a person inherits all or part of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Trisomy 21, the inheritance of an entire third copy of this chromosome, accounts for 95 percent of Down syndrome cases. Two other abnormalities each account for 2 to 3 percent of all cases. The first, translocation, takes place when a child inherits an extra piece of chromosome 21 attached to a different chromosome. The second, called mosaic Down syndrome, results when only some cells in the body have the extra chromosome. There is no cure for Down syndrome although prenatal tests are available to identify fetuses with the disorder. Down syndrome can be diagnosed just by looking at the baby at birth. The facial features and characteristics can tell you that. If the attending physician suspects Down syndrome, a karyotype a blood or tissue sample stained to show chromosomes grouped by size, number, and shape will be performed to verify the diagnosis. The most familiar physical traits of Down syndrome include: Low muscle tone Flat facial profile Upward slant to the eyes Abnormal shape and small size of the ears Single deep crease across the center of the palm Excessive ability to extend the joints Fifth finger has one bending joint instead of two Small skin folds on the inner corners of the eyes Excessive space between large and second toe Enlargement of tongue in relationship to size of mouth The majority of these defects can be corrected, resulting in long-term health improvements. Children with Down syndrome also tend to have increased susceptibility to infection, respiratory problems, obstructed digestive tracts, and childhood leukemia. With Down syndrome there is no therapy except some of the defects listed above can be corrected like I stated. But the features of the face remain and cannot be fixed unlike the other ones that can be fixed. There would be no therapy in the future that I can find in my research. Yes, it is possible to detect Down syndrome when the infant is in the uterus. You can do so by screening tests like the Triple Screen and the Alpha-fetoprotein Plus. Both tests measure quantities of various substances in the mothers blood, and together with the womans age, estimate her risk of having a child with Down syndrome. Typically they are offered between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. More accurate are diagnostic tests, which include chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and percutaneous umbilical blood sampling. While these procedures are about 98% to 99% accurate in their detection of Down syndrome there is an increased risk of miscarriage because these tests are performed inside the uterus. Because of this risk, they are recommended primarily for women over the age of 35. For genetic counseling, there is no possible way to stop Down syndrome from happening. Its inherited and it just depends on if the chromosome 21 gets a third chromosome. Someone with Down syndrome could have a child and it could be perfectly normal just depends on the count of chromosome 21. Rice Production and Consumption Trends in Negros O Essay References www. kidshealth.org (5 pgs.) Encarta Online Premium (2 pgs.) .

Criminology Essays (1431 words) - Criminology, Deviance, Wideman

Criminology One child grows up to be somebody who just loves to learn. And the other child grows up to be somebody who just loves to burn (198) An excerpt of this poem paints a picture of two brothers, John and Robert Wideman, leading different lives. Robert Wideman, embraced a path common for black men during that era; a life of crime, glamour, and drugs. Quietly sitting in jail, he reminisces deeply about his troubled past and the consequences of the future that now haunts him. John, on the other hand, chose the path less taken by those living in the same world as he did and in due time become a successful professor at a University. How did two people from the same origin, living in similar environments, and raised by a caring family choose such different paths? Some might explain the cause to be risk factors, learned behavior, or missed opportunities. When explaining criminal behavior, it is inevitable to identify sociological, behavioral, and psychological problems as causes of crime. John and Robert always dreamed about running away from the poverty embracing their community. Even though they shared the same dream, each considered different means of achieving this dream. John determined early on that " to get ahead, to make something of myself, college had seemed a logical, necessary step; my exile, my flight from home began with good grades, with good English" (27). In order for John to climb the social status, he realized that his only ticket out of poverty and his community is through a good education. Status must be earned through hard work and determination. Robert is just the opposite of John. Early on, Robert acknowledged that school and sports could not satisfy the glamour that Robert so much desired? Unlike John who disliked blackness, Robert "got a thing about black. See black was like the forbidden fruit" (84). Robert embraced the people living in Homewood, Pittsburgh. He felt connected to them especially when he discovered Garfield "cause that's where the niggers was. Garfield was black" (85). By embracing what other people valued and thought, Robert incorporated the same criminal values as his own. Robert has accepted his fate, a life of glamour through deviant behavior. Delinquency at an early age may have contributed to Robert's behavior. According to Cohen, deviant behavior derives from an inversion of values. Robert's values can be best summed up by the statement "[t]he thing was to make your own rules, do your own thing, but make sure it's contrary to what society says or is" (58). Inversion of values is practically portraying what society views as socially acceptable, unacceptable. A great example explaining this inversion of values is captured during a school strike. Robert recaptures the greatest moment of his life when he took over the school. Through his eyes, "[i]t was the white man's world and wasn't no way round it or over it or under it ... so I kept on cutting classes and *censored*ing up and doing my militant thing every chance I got." (114). It seems that Robert felt frustrated living in such an oppressed environment. He once believed that prosperity can be achievable but somehow his belief in what society has taught him relating to success is wrong. Through this belief, Robert maintains a violent life. Other variables such as family, the community, and opportunities for success play a critical role in shaping the behavior of adolescence according to Cloward and Ohlin. There were lost opportunities when Robert's family decided to move back to Homewood from Shadyside. A good education in a community that cared for the student was stripped from Robert's grasp. Robert was never able to attend the school that his older brother had previous graduated from. Now living within the boundaries of the poor community, Robert is exposed to violence and the substandard values of the neighborhood. Homewood is a community that scared Robert's Mother. Her prediction of trouble and Robert's wild side connecting turned into reality " [a]nd she was right. Me and trouble hooked up" (85). As a child Robert constantly needed the attention of his family members especially his mother. From a different point of view, we can say that Robert was a neglected child, emotionally. During a time when Robert needed the people he loved most, they were not there for comfort or guidance. Sometimes Robert felt the "least important. Always last. Always bringing up the rear. You learn to do stuff on your own because the older kids are always busy, off doing their thing" (88). To

Compromise Is the Key essays

Compromise Is the Key essays Laws are designed to protect all citizens, even though they are not clear when it comes to deciding on what happens to couples embryos. The judge, in the fact pattern case, is torn because the parents want different decisions. He also has to remember that he will be setting a legal precedent for which other cases will be based on. The decision will be ridiculed no matter the outcome. The embryos should not be destroyed because every living thing has the right to life, there are numerous loving couples who can not have children on their own, and children are still desired by one parent. An embryo is the young of something in an early stage of development. Although, it is not recognizable, two people conceived the embryo in question. Therefore, the fetus should have the same right to life that all existing creatures possess. No one person should be allowed to destroy something already in the process of living. The decision of destroying any living being should be left in the hands of the being, and in this case that is impossible. We have to wait until the child is old enough to ask her. Many couples, who can not have children of their own, want to adopt new born babies. If the embryo is allowed to live nothing but good will happen for it, because of the demand for newborn babies in the adoption market. The child would not end up in a foster home because the mother has feelings for it, and would see the baby is well taken care of. Adoptive parents are known to be loving and caring begetters, because they try hard to bring children into their lives. Consequently, the judge should at least allow another couple to make good use of the embryos. The lady in the fact pattern still has the desire for children. She gave her eggs fully expecting to use them when the time is right. The husband obviously wants nothing to do with the embryos, but the wife could make an agreement to take full responsibility. The ...

Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Eassy - Essay Example This essay will touch on the key steps involved in the academic writing process, all of which should have critical thinking intertwined with them. The three parts of the pre-writing stage are choosing a topic, gathering ideas, and organizing data. These steps help the writer to become focused on the topic so the paper does not end up rambling on. Overall, pre-writing can be one of the most important stages of the writing process. If one does not organize data and work out a plan of action to complete the writing process, the paper may turn out unsuccessful. The first stage in the academic writing process is to critically analyze the topic. However, choosing a topic must come before this step. The writer should decide on a topic and choose how the topic shall be researched. Next, it is important to gather ideas. Gathering ideas is very important, as this is a part of the pre writing stage. During this stage, it is also important to organize data. Once the pre-writing stage is complete, the writer can begin to draft a rough copy. While drafting a rough copy, the writer will be able to critically analyze all of the researched data and put ideas into words. During this rough draft process, the paper begins to take shape as sentences are formed into paragraphs. The importance of this stage is critical because this is the basis for the entire paper. The rough copy needs to be written in three steps. These steps are important to the paper, as they allow for the paper to be properly developed. The first step is to create an opening paragraph. The opening paragraph allows the reader to become hooked on what the paper is about. The thesis of the paper is also mentioned here. In this opening paragraph, it is wise to entice the reader with information on the topic that will leave the reader wanting to know more. The body of the paper is the second step in

Tivo Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tivo Case Study - Essay Example They are providing personalized services to their customers who buy the black boxes by providing them Electronic programme guide (EPG) with menu option to watch TV live option having pause, replay and fast forward options without subscription fee and with subscription fee provide access to all previously recorded programming, preview of shows schedule for recording, video magazine produced by Tivo and network of showcases of best shows. It provides customers personalized TV viewing. Though the company is getting good feedback from customers but the sales is not picking up. Presently company is not facing competition from any quarter even then sales are dropping down. Strength: The company have certain inherent strengths such as Tivo is enjoying almost monopoly in the market. It’s nearest competitors like Replay TV has no advantage of product or price or services and Microsoft has not launched the product yet. The company has 42,000 subscribers and increasing 14,000/quarter. So the company have formidable customer base. Report of customers about service and performance of the product is good enough. The company enjoys technically sound product at present and no other competitors have better product right now. The company enjoys the most reliable and effective partners who are well known to everyone and it approves the quality of the product. Company have proper and wide network for marketing its product through electronic stores, online buying. The most important strength of the company is that it provides ability to its customers to decide what to see and when. It almost provides its subscribers to preferential and personalized viewing. Weakness: Tivo is also facing some weaknesses and due to these it cannot be able to improve its position. Though having good feedback company is not growing to its expected level due to lack of awareness of the product to its potential customers. The product seems to be technically

Environmental analysis case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Environmental analysis case study - Essay Example It starts by outlining a brief historical background of the organisation in question for the sake of easier understanding then followed by an analysis of the above mentioned tools for scanning the environment in which the organisation operates. Environmental scanning plays a pivotal role in helping the marketing managers of an organisation to be better positioned to know the situation obtaining on the ground for them to be able to gain a competitive advantage especially in view of the competition that exists. Background According to Datamonnitor (2004) â€Å"Tesco PLCTesco is the largest food retailer in UK, operating around 2,318 stores worldwide. It operates around operates around 1,878 stores throughout the UK, and also operates stores in the rest of Europe and Asia. Tesco.com is a wholly-owned subsidiary offering a complete online service, including tescodirect.com and tesco.net. The company also offers a range of both online and offline personal finance services. Tesco is headq uartered in Hertfordshire, UK.† Against this background, this essay seeks to outline the organisation’s PESTEL analysis, Porter’s five forces model as well as the value chain. Kotler (1999) posits to the effect that PESTEL analysis is a powerful tool in determining as well as understanding the market forces that affect the growth of business. In other words, it determines the direction for operations in any given business. PESTEL analysis for Tesco PESTEL stands for factors which may affect the operations of business such as political, economic, social, technological, environmental as well as legal factors (Lancaster & Reynolds 1999). This is a very useful tool in analysing the environment in which an organisation operates. It can be noted that there are various factors that affect the operations of any given organisation and these have to be taken into consideration by the senior management so as to achieve a competitive advantage by the organisation. Any given organisation is guided by certain factors that so as to ensure that it does not violate the needs and interests of the consumers as well as the other stakeholders. Political In UK and Europe at large, there are policies that govern the operations of all retail stores. There are laws that govern monopolies as well as competition and these are some of the main political factors that affect the operations of Tesco. It can be noted that Tesco’s success is owed to the observation of these policies where protection of the consumer interests is take as a virtue. Consumer law in UK is effective and under the EU law, every big organisation like Tesco is expected to protect the needs and interests of the customers. Continuous scanning of the political environment greatly helps Tesco to gain a competitive advantage over other rival competitors. On the other hand, it can be noted that the current political environment prevailing in the EU is not exploitative which is seen as the reason w hy Tesco is able to keep pace with the demands of the market. The government in the UK determines the value of the currency as well as the exchange rates and it can be noted that the success of Tesco is greatly owed to compliance with these rules and regulations promulgated by the government. The Competition Commission for instance suggests that a supermarket should not account for more than 25% of the national market and these are som

Sudoku Puzzle Design Algorithms Computer Science Essay

Sudoku Puzzle Design Algorithms Computer Science Essay Our project is called generating, rating and solving Sudoku puzzle. The aim of the project is to design and develop Sudoku puzzle solving program by generate the puzzle with five differences difficulty rating level. The program is able to solve the Sudoku puzzle by using some Artificial Intelligent algorithm. The final year project development period is given two trimester and we divided the development process into two part. The first part is to develop the problem specification, design, generating and study on some Sudoku solving algorithm which to be done by trimester one. Part 2 of the project is developing the complete Sudoku solving program and this part will be done by trimester 2. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction Sudoku is logic based number-placement puzzle. It designs with 99 grids so that the digits 1-9 appear exactly once in each row, each columns, and each 33 sub grids (also called as blocks) that compose the grid. Each Sudoku puzzle created with a unique solution, which typically means that there is only one correct way to fill in the 81 grids. The aim of the project is to design and develop Sudoku puzzle solving program using the artificial intelligence algorithm. First at all the Sudoku configuration program would be able to generate the puzzle with five differences difficulty rating level, which are very easy, easy, medium, difficult and expert. The program also able to solve the Sudoku puzzle as well as providing the chances of having tips while they achieve the specify condition which could help the player to solved the puzzle when they get stuck. An interesting Sudoku puzzle is the one with the minimal hints given. The puzzle should be generated with a single solution. So, knowledge for the rules of Sudoku is very important which the digit 1-9 need to be appear exactly once in each rows, each columns, and each 33 sub-grid. Then a 99 empty grid need to be created and filled in with the digit 1-9 by following the rules to create a complete puzzle. The next step is to begin removing digits from the completed Sudoku puzzle randomly to create the game. To generate a symmetrical puzzle, we need to randomly remove the singleton from the row, column, or block, following by naked pairs, naked triples, hidden pairs, hidden triples, and pointing pairs accordingly. The techniques used to remove the cells decided the difficulty level of the Sudoku puzzle. Lastly, the program is able to solve the Sudoku game by using the AI algorithm like simulated annealing. 1.2 Problem statement People nowadays always busy for working and cope for the challenges on their life. With the increasing busyness of the life, stress become a common issue that faced by the society. A long term of facing a particular problem will make a people to feel pressure and stress themselves badly. Therefore, they need some break to take their mind off from working materials before they continue to work. Sometimes, a challenges mini game like Sudoku can helps to exercise their brain and reduce stress. Besides, with the fast growing of the technologies today, most people are able to obtain the advance electronic device like PDA, laptop, and so on. So the Sudoku puzzle game is not the game that is only published in the hardcopy such as newspaper or Sudoku book. Therefore Sudoku game can be installed in their electronic device so that they can bring it anywhere. 1.2 Scope Scope of the project is generating the Sudoku puzzle with different difficulty level and solves the Sudoku game. The scope covers: Allow user to select the difficulty level of the Sudoku game. Generate a complete Sudoku puzzle by following the Sudoku rules which are the digits 1-9 appear exactly once in each row, each columns, and each 33 sub grids. Remove cells to create a valid Sudoku games according to the difficulty level that the user selected. Allow user to input the digit 1-9 into the empty cells of the puzzle. Highlight the incorrect input of digit with red colour. Solve the Sudoku games. 1.2 Objectives Understanding the algorithm behind Sudoku puzzle. Identify an algorithm to generate a complete Sudoku puzzle with the rules that the digit 1-9 appear exactly once in each row, each columns, and each 33 sub grids. Identify the ways of removing cells from the complete Sudoku puzzle to create a valid game. Generate Sudoku with different difficulty level. Identify the algorithm to solve the Sudoku puzzle. 1.3 Project Schedule Project Schedule Management Gantt Chart Tasks Activity Start date End date Duration(days) Task 1 Research and study relevant material 7/6/2010 27/6/2010 21 Task 2 Planning development process 28/6/2010 4/7/2010 7 Task 3 Implement Prototype for Generating 5/7/2010 8/8/2010 35 Task 4 Test Program and Fix error 9/8/2010 14/8/2010 7 Task 5 Amends report and prototype 15/8/2010 29/8/2010 14 Task 6 Validate interim report and Submission 30/8/2010 1/9/2010 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Nature of the problem Sudoku puzzle is a famous game among the worldwide. Most of the newspaper has a long history of publishing the Sudoku games such as The Times, Sin Chew Daily, and so on. The games in hardcopy required user to use pen or pencil to finish on the paper and the number of games are limited. So, in this project, a program is created to generate the Sudoku puzzle games. User does not need to use an extra writing material like pen or pencil to complete the Sudoku games. They just need a mouse to interact with the game. Other than that, the program is able to solve the Sudoku puzzle as well as identify the puzzle is solvable and have a unique solution. User also can enter the Sudoku games that are not generated by the program and solve it by using this program. 2.2 Background The origin of Sudoku is from Switzerland (By a Mathematician Leonhard Euler) and then travels to Japan by way of America. Su is the Japanese character with the meaning of number and doku means single. In another word, it called single number which means that for each column, each row, and each sub grid, it can only contain the digit 1-9 without repetition. In this project, we need to consider some important things like the cost that we need, the purpose of this project, the target user of this program and so on. Cost that we need to use is to complete the project in 24 week period. The purpose of this project is to create a program which can generate the Sudoku games with different difficulty level as well as able to solve the Sudoku games. Sudoku is a game that suitable for all generation of the people. The program is able to generate the game in 5 different difficulty levels which is very easy, easy, medium, hard, and expert. Level very easy and easy are suitable for the children, medium is suitable for the adults, hard and expert are suitable for those who are experienced in the Sudoku games. 2.3 Literature Review 2.3.1 The Science behind Sudoku Sudoku is a game of numbers, but it does not have anything to do with mathematics such as addition or multiplication. A Sudoku grid is a special kind of Latin square that named by an 18th century mathematician-Leonhard Euler. Latin square is an n x n matrices that are filled in with n symbols in a way that the same symbols appear exactly once in same row and column. The number of valid Sudoku grids is 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 which proved by the use of logic and computers. The minimum numbers of hints that a 9 x 9 Sudoku puzzle can start with and the solution can still remain unique seem to be 17. This mean for any Sudoku which is having the hints that less than 17 will make it cannot guarantee a unique solution. C:UsersVinZDesktop1.pngC:UsersVinZDesktop2.png Figure 1.An example of the minimal hints for a Sudoku puzzles and still guarantee with the unique solution. C:UsersVinZDesktop3.pngC:UsersVinZDesktop4.png Figure 2.An example of a Sudoku game with 16 hints provided and leads to two solutions. To solve a Sudoku puzzle, the most common way is backtracking. First, the program places a number 1 in the first empty cell of the Sudoku puzzle. If the number is compatible with the existing hints, it moves to the second empty cell and place a 1 again. When it encounters a conflict or clash with other existing hints, it erases the number which just placed and enters number 2. If it is invalid again then proceed with 3 or the next legal number. After the legal number placed, it moves to the next cell and start again with number 1. If the number that placed and it is still not compatible with the existing hints is 9 (9 is the largest number in Sudoku puzzle), the program will backtrack and increase the precious cells number by one. After that it moves forward until it is clash with other existing hints and backtracks again. Sometimes the program needs to backtrack for several times before it can move forward. Backtracking technique is good and fast when apply in a program or machine, but a human player need to spend more time to finish the game using this technique. So they used smarter ways for solving Sudoku and generally turn to method trial and error method at last of the solving part. 2.3.2 A Pencil-and-Paper Algorithm for Solving Sudoku Puzzle To solve a Sudoku puzzle, it involve with the widely known concept of matching numbers across cells. In another mathematical point of view, we name it as pre-emptive sets. The most important technique to solve the Sudoku puzzles is based on two things, which are the (i) definition of pre-emptive sets and (ii) the occupancy theorem. A mark up puzzle can help to solve the Sudoku puzzle with more efficiently by writing down the possible number that can be filled into the empty cell. C:UsersVinZDesktopmarkup.png Figure 3.Example of a mark-up Sudoku puzzle. Pre-emptive sets: A pre-emptive set composed of the digits 1-9 and is a set of size m, where: 2 {[n1, n2, , nm], [ c(i1,j1), c(i2,j2), , c(im, jm) ]} Where 1= C:UsersVinZDesktop852.png 3459 459 6 23478 1 2348 234579 24579 2345 Figure 2.Pre-emptive set For example, the figure above consist of a pre-emptive set {[3, 4, 5, 9], [c(7, 1), c(7, 2), c(8, 3), c(9, 3)]} with size 4. Occupancy theorem Suppose that x is a number that listed in the pre-emptive set and it lies completely in one column, or row, or a sub grid, so there can be no occurrence of x for the column, or row, or sub grid that outside of the pre-emptive set. Firstly, the algorithm use method 1 and method 2 to complete the puzzle until it cannot continue further. Method 1 is to figure out the Force cell which is the cell that can be determine by eliminate the impossible number (number that already existed in the same column, row and sub grid) that occupy the cell. Method 2 is to figure out the possible number for the empty cell that can be determined by checking the same number which occupies the cells in the column and row of the sub grid. After that we look for the pre-emptive set from each column, each row, and each sub grid. Try to break it into several smaller pre-emptive set and cross out the number according to the occupancy theorem. For example in Figure 2, the pre-emptive set is {[3, 4, 5, 9], [c(7, 1), c(7, 2), c(8, 3), c(9, 3)]} with size 4, it cross out the number that are not inside the pre-emptive set. In figure 2, digits 8 and 2 in cell c(8, 1) and c(9, 1) can be determined directly after the number had been crossed out. So apply again method 1 and method 2 to figure out other possible number. Clearly then, repeat again the process untill it cannot find out any pre-emptive tes ot until the sudoku puzzle is solved.if the result seem to be violated, then the sudoku game is a unsolable game. Metaheuristics can solve Sudoku puzzles Before the simulated annealing can straightforward, representation, neighbourhood operator and evaluation of candidate solution need to be defined. Representation used to assign each empty cell a value randomly, but every sub gird contain the digit 1-9 exactly once. During the process, neighbourhood operator choose two different non-fixed cells (the cell which filled in by randomly) in the sub grid and swap them. Two of the non fixed cells to be swap must be in the same sub grid to make sure the criterion of each sub grid contain the digit 1-9 exactly once. Cost function used to evaluate the candidate solution by looking at each row and column, and then calculate the number of values that are not present. For example in figure 3, 1 and 2 had repeated two times in the first row, so the score of that row is 2. Note that the complete solution of the Sudoku puzzle will have zero of cost. C:UsersVinZDesktop854.png Figure 3 Here, simulated annealing start with a candidate solution s and a neighbour s. s is accepted if s is better than s (according to cost function) or with the probability: Exp (-ÃŽÂ ´/t), which ÃŽÂ ´ = proposed change in the cost function, t = control parameter (as known as temperature). t, temperature is very important to expend the Simulated Annealing and lead to the success. The initial temperature should allow majority if the moves to be accepted, approximately 80% (according to Van Laaehoven Aart (1987)). During the process, temperature is reduced according to the simple geometric cooling schedule. A formula, = use to make sure the temperature decrease according to the cooling rate. Note that , so the largest value of is less than 1, such as 0.9999. For example, value of is 0.9999 will cause the temperature drop slowly, and the value of is 0.5 will make it drop faster. Furthermore, the use of homogenous Simulated Annealing schema takes the form of a sequence of Markov Chains that generated at the fixed value of t. The t is then changed in-between subsequent chains (Van Laarhoven and Aart, 1987). The value of t here is also very important as it decided the time to explore of the search tree and also the run times. The size of the problem-instance defined by the non-fixed number in the grid where: ml = ml = size of the problem-instance. = the function that indentify the number of cells in the are non-fixed. By using this formula, the value can allow each pair of the non-fixed cells have a good chance to considered at least once per Markov chain.

The Physics of Baseball :: Sport Baseball Physics

Swinging the Bat for Power Many people might think that swinging the bat straight through the ball would be enough to hit the ball a decent distance off the bat. There's many more mechanics involved in the swinging process. Muscle has only a small part to play in the swinging a bat for power. There are two types of mechanics involved while swinging a bat, Linear and Rotational. Rotational mechanics are the dominant source of power in the swing. Out of the rotational mechanics come the two forces that help generate the speed and power of the swing, torque and the other comes from the energy of rotation. Speed from the energy of rotation comes from the path that your hands follow as you swing the bat. The speed generated by the circular rotation from your hands is like a ball at the end of a string, as long as your hands are moving in a circle then the ball continues to accelerate in a circle. So the bat will also move in at an increasing speed as long as your hands are following a circular path as you swing. An y foward movement of the hands or body in a straight line won't add to the overall bat speed. Torque is another key ingredient to a good power hitter, or even a good hitter. Torque is the result of two forces being applied to an object in opposite directions. In this case the two forces are being applied from the hands and wrists onto the bat. As you start your swing, instead of moving your hands directly at the ball, you want your hands to start a rotation. The top hand begins to move backwards while the lead arm drives the end of the bat towards the ball. The torque invloved is created around the point of the bat that lies between your hands. This torque greatly accelerates the head of the bat which will have act with a greater force when (or if ) it comes into contact with the ball. A good batter will use almost all of these rotational and torque energies either before or durning contact with the ball. After contact your body is relaxed and its remaining motion is smooth, this extra motion is caused by the momentum of the bat pulling the arms up and through.Your follow through is also very important, even though the ball has already been hit it is ideal that you complete your swing so that you're not thrown off balance by that extra momentum when you start to run.

Qualities I Look for in My Friend

qualities I look for in friends Friends are an indispensable factor in our live, just as a main dish in a meal. Frankly, I have a lot of friends. Yet, I don’t know whether they are sincere or just hypocritical. Sometimes, I can’t really figure out. But still, I or should I say everyone, wishes to have friends with good qualities. According to what William Penn says:† A true friend freely, advises justly, assists readily, adventures boldly, takes all patiently, defends courageously, and continues a friend unchangeably. † Penn tries to say that a real and a good friend have a tangible qualities, which every friend look for it on his/her friend.To be honest, trusted, attentive, and funny is qualities I look for when I choose my friend. First, I want a loyal friend. Someone who is honest enough with me. I mean is just tell me frankly what they think about me that can help me to change myself into a better person. Someone who stab me in the front. Who never lie a t me and never drawn a second face. An honest friend lend me the confidence when I lost. Or even can help me to do the right thing not the wrong one. The honesty is a big deal to me in the friend I will choose. Second, trusted is also important as much as honesty in my friend quality.I mean someone who keeps my secrets. Or even can be my secret. However, It is not funny but ironic when someone that I used to trust and call her ‘good friend’ leave me or betray me when I needed her the most. It is extremely painful! It might make me feel like I have taken advantage of, deceived or backstabbed. In conclusion, being my friend mean be my secret. Third, a friend should have to be attentive as well. My friend should share his/her life with me as well as I will do. A friend should never weigh the benefits before helping someone.That is super good when a good friend lends a helping hand in times of need and the extra support gives us a lift spiritually. Related to above, I want to have such a good friend like this but in order to have one, I know I have to be one. In conclusion being attentive is an important quality I ordered in my friend. Last and not least, funny friend could also be important to me. In other meaning funny but good. Someone who see me in need to smile do anything to draw it on my face. Someone who smile a real smile not fake. Moreover, being funny is an unmistakable quality in a friend. friend who tells a funny jocks could also be a good one to have. Finally, I hope my friends will be able to listen of my joys and sorrows patiently and not give any judgments or comments. In conclusion, â€Å"Friendship is a single soul dwelling in two bodies†Ã‚  according to Aristotle. So that, the qualities should be matched to make that relationship. And for me being my friend mean having qualities I missed, so we can complete each other. Meanwhile, Not just anyone can be called your friend. A friend has to first meet several qualifications and have many outstanding characteristics to have the honor of holding such a prestigious title.

Smoking habits Essays

Smoking habits Essays Smoking habits Essay Smoking habits Essay College students are heavily targeted by the tobacco industry, which makes cigarettes readily available to them and easy to obtain. To help your college-bound teen resist the urge to take up tobacco use while at school, its important to recognize the smoking influences that college student’s face daily. These are the pressures that College student tends to smoke. Friends Many college students yearn for acceptance. After graduating high school, a new persona and group of friends may present themselves to a college student.If a student is looking for acceptance from a group that includes smokers, the student may try smoking to gain that acceptance. A study performed by the Harvard School of Public Health and published in a 2004 issue of Pediatrics found that 51 percent of the smokers studied called themselves social smokers while at school, meaning they only smoked when spending time with others. Partying College students are bound to enjoy partying and their new-found freedom w hen they reach the legal drinking age.Unfortunately, many people develop the habit of smoking when theyre drinking. The various parties and social events that most college students attend are accompanied by the pressure to try smoking along with the rest of the party-goers. The added freedom of being away from parents for the first time could lead to infrequent smoking at parties. Weight Loss The Freshman 15 is something that many new college students fear. Taking advantage of college food services and the freedom to eat more junk food can cause weight gain.A college student may believe that smoking cigarettes can curb the appetite and help her lose weight, notes KidsHealth. org, a division of the Nemours Foundation. Instead, smoking makes physical activity harder, so a student may be less likely to work out and, in turn, lose weight in unhealthy ways. Stress Some college students use cigarettes as a way to reduce stress, notes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Student s may believe that smoking calms them during high-stress situations like the class workload, earning money while at school and social difficulties.While nicotine can give students a temporary calming effect, smoking can cause more stress when theyre trying to quit or when cigarettes are unavailable. Promotional Events The tobacco industry sees college students as legal new smokers, which is why it promotes heavily to those away at college. The Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study notes that some events are sponsored by tobacco companies, and free cigarettes are often distributed at sponsored parties and bar events.The availability and desirability of sponsored tobacco parties makes it easy for a college student to begin smoking. Bibliography:Â   livestrong. com/article/237322-smoking-influences-on-college-students/#ixzz2cy31zJfp References Pediatrics, Oct. 2004: Social Smoking Among US College Students: Susan Moran, MD, MSCE, Henry Wechsler, PhD, Nancy A. Rigotti, MD CDC: College Health and Safety KidsHealth. org: Beating the Freshman 15 Harvard School of Public Health: US College Students Exposure to Tobacco Promotions: Prevalence and Association With Tobacco Use

Cabildos in Puerto Rico essays

Cabildos in Puerto Rico essays In around 1515, Juan Ponce de Len established two Cabildos: Cabildo of San Juan and Cabildo of San Germn. The Cabildos were the local representative assemblies; they served strictly under Governors appointed by the Crown and at their pleasure. In the last moments of the colonial era, Cuba and Puerto Rico managed after much struggle to win representation in the Spanish courts. However, these Cabildos played an important role in the community life of Puerto Rico at the time. They provided the aid and representation that the people needed, regardless of economic struggles. Cabildos were essential to community life because of their help in eclectic problems and the representation they gave to the people. An oligarchic structure of the Cabildos, although made up of relatives and friends from the elite, was rather successful, and played an important part in the Cabildos success in community life. The Cabildos were not a democratic institution; they were organized and controlled by the laws of the Indies. Both Cabildos, San Juan and San Germn, were composed of an Alcalde Ordinario, and several Regidores Regidores, who elected the alcaldes, were appointed by the King or posts were sold at auctions. Sugar mill owners, also known as hacenderos, and ganaderos were also part of the economic oligarchy of the Cabildos. This structure, although most positions were held by relatives and friends of the Regidores and Alcaldes of the elite group, was somewhat effective, even when most of the time it was against the law. Cabildos as well gave the people representation. The Father of the Republic, or the Cabildo, met weekly o monthly to discuss community matters. Besides from these regular meetings, they held Cabildos Abiertos, or open meetings, when they had urgent municipal problems. It was only in Cabildos Abiertos where community members chosen by the council could participate. Ev...

Management of Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management of Organizations - Research Paper Example This also includes fulfilling the requirements for activities such as recruitment of new members of management teams, establishing business relationships with other organizations and coming up the best platform for increasing the intellectual property rights of an organization. To be successful in delivering the best for this career, it is essential that become enlightened on a number of key skills. These skills are as stipulated below. It is clearly vital to note that this job requires one to be very excellent in making quality business strategies. To be successful here, it is necessary that I have excellent qualitative and quantitative skills. In addition, as a key member of an organization, I should also have excellent electronic commerce skills. This will facilitate smooth execution of business functions globally hence increasing the companies competitive advantage (Miles,

Reflections Associated with I Just Wanna Be Average Essay

Reflections Associated with I Just Wanna Be Average - Essay Example Rose in this book presents his fellow students as products of environment they are in. During the time he was in vocational school, he is presented to us as an average student who is rarely noticed in class. Mike Rose is not limited by his brains but by his surrounding and the fact that he is a vocational student. It is ironic that in this particular category as student they are not expected to do well even by their own teachers. Students in this surrounding have low expectations and as a result, they perform poorly because that is what they are made to believe. In reality, there is a choice to perform well, but students in most cases follow the standards or levels set by the teachers. What makes this book outstanding is the fact that Mike Rose is placed in these classes as a result of confusion but, due to his strong character and determination he decides to take the enrollment. Even though, a student Rose closely examines his teachers and fellow classmates. Through his essay, he ex plains that his teachers act as if they do not want to teach; in a much-unexpected way, they use violence and lack of teaching plans to control students. This act negates the rule that students need motivation from their environment and especially their teachers. However, Rose looks at these from both sides and states that his fellow classmates do not express any desire to learn. Students in this essay paint learners who are into fights, parties and slacking off as non-performers and lack academic visions (Joy 2008). The value of student determination is illustrated through Rose because he has to travel to school using two buses. His first bus leaves him midpoint from South Los Angeles and second one takes him through forests and lots of flowers as he mentions in the essay. He also discovered some special qualities from his fellow students, which reveals one, fact that students are not as bad as they seem there is always what can be done. One of his classmates that caught his attent ion was Ken Harvey who always gave sincere answers. When asked about his expectations, he states, that he wants nothing but be average. Rose analyzes this situation further why Ken thought in such a way. He attributes these to the difficulties that students go through in their school years. Rose argues that life is wild and confusing at this particular stage of development and that by settling for low standards makes their lives a little bearable. These theory he later confirms when he joints a typical school. The standards that are set are high for him and he feels like he should be a common student, like Ken. The idea that students will always strive to achieve the set standards comes into play when Rose’s Dad dies. He is left alone and feels like he is not going to make it, fortunately at this particular time a man named Mr. McFarland is introduced as their English teacher, these man comes in with disorder and eccentrics. Despite these Rose finds he likes the teacher becau se he has his students at heart and encourages them to work hard. As a result of this attitude rose finds himself interested in learning more than ever, eventually the teacher convinces him to enroll for college education. Through his effort and encouragement from McFarland, Rose ends up perusing college education and finds his true self. This essay reveals many interesting facts about motivation in

Safety Management Plan Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Safety Management Plan Implementation - Essay Example The service providers should execute and implement a Safety Management System which is acknowledged by their respective state. The functions are as follows: †¢The main function is to identify the safety hazards related to it. †¢It should ensure that corrective actions necessary to sustain a satisfactory level of safety must be implemented. †¢This is also liable to provide continuous monitoring as well as a regular appraisal of the safety level that has been achieved. †¢It should also aim to make a constant improvement to the overall level of safety and security. †¢It should also promote an improved safety and security culture all through the organization. †¢Realizing a return on Safety Management System investment through enhanced competence and abridged operational risk. Apart from the requirements of ICAO Safety Management Systems has been also incorporated into IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA). It is an important factor to realize that the mention ed plan must only be used as a general guiding reference only. Therefore it can be customized according to the need. Etihad, the national airlines of United Arab Emirates will be chosen as the company where the Safety Management System action plan will be established. Now in the context of the company, a safety management system will be implemented in its overall infrastructure. This will ensure more safety and securities to the passengers availing Etihad Airways. The company is also focused on providing the best Arabic hospitality to the clients.

Hatha Yoga Essay Example for Free

Hatha Yoga Essay A complete Hatha Yoga session should be aimed at holistic wellness of mind, body and soul. It should contain a well designed sequence of Asanas or yogic poses, Pranayam or breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, and Dhyana or Meditation. The Yoga session should begin with a prayer or chanting of â€Å"Om†, the primary sound of universe. This helps in relaxing and focusing the mind, and bringing calmness to the senses. This should be followed by warming up exercises known as â€Å"Yogic Suksma Vyayamas† to improve flexibility of joints and muscles, so that we do not suffer from pulled muscles while performing Asanas. This should be followed by a sequence of Asanas, first supine poses, then prone poses, followed by seated poses and finally standing poses. Asanas should be followed by relaxation poses such as â€Å"Shavasana† or Corpse pose. Pranayam or breathing exercises should be performed after Asanas. The session should end with Dhyana or Meditation to calm the mind. The first part of the session includes warming up with Suksma Vyayamas, the aim is to warm up the major joints of the body. First Vyayama involves movement of neck to right and left, followed by forward and backward bending, each for 10 times. Next one involves moving the arms in circular movements clockwise then anti-clockwise, 10 times each. This should be followed by raising each leg, one by one, forward and moving it in small circles, clockwise and anticlockwise, 5 times each. Asanas should be performed now in following sequence- first supine postures like â€Å"Chakrasana† or Wheel pose which is an inverted pose and then â€Å"Halasana† or Plough pose which is its counter pose, then prone postures like â€Å"Dhanurasana† or bow pose and â€Å"Bhujangasana† or Cobra pose involving backward bending, followed by sitting postures like â€Å"Balasana† or Child pose which is a counter pose of Bhujangasana, â€Å"Vakrasana† or twisted pose and â€Å"Poorna Paschimottasana† which is a forward bending pose, and finally standing postures like â€Å"Trikonasana† or triangle pose involving side stretch, and â€Å"Tadasana† or Palm pose which involves stretching of the whole body. Asanas should be followed by â€Å"Shavasana† or Corpse pose for relaxation. After relaxation Pranayam like â€Å"Bhramari Pranayam† should be done, followed by Meditation. Thus my session includes- Yogic Suksma Vyayamas for warming up, and following Asanas: Chakrasana or Wheel pose- Involves bending backward of torso like an arch. It strengthens the back and abdomen, affects all the organs of the body, and cleans the Chakras. Halasana or Plough pose- Involves raising the legs and then lowering them behind the head, toes touching the ground, forming a plough. It enhances the benefits of Chakrasana, being its counter pose. Also regulates the function of Thyroid and Thymus glands. Dhanurasana or Bow pose-Bending backward holding both ankles with hands, and stretching the body like a bow. Improves digestion, strengthens the back, shoulders, arms, and legs. â€Å"Bhujangasana† or Cobra pose- Involves lying in prone position and raising head and shoulders like a cobra. It strengthens back, shoulders, and neck and improves respiration. â€Å"Balasana† or Child pose- Involves sitting and bending forward, face touching the floor. It is the counter asana of Cobra pose, enhancing its benefits. â€Å"Vakrasana† or twisted pose- One leg is bent at knee, and the other is straight, the waist is twisted to the opposite side of the bent leg. It improves flexibility of spine, waist and legs. â€Å"Poorna Paschimottasana†- It involves sitting with stretched legs and bending forward to hold the toes with hands, face resting on thighs. Greatly improves spinal flexibility. â€Å"Trikonasana† or triangle pose- Involve sideward bending and stretching making a triangle. Improves waistline, strengthens the arms, and improves balance of the body. â€Å"Tadasana† or Palm pose- Arms raised upward, pulling the body upwards while standing on toes. It improves balance, reduces belly fat, and improves height and agility. Finally, doing â€Å"Shavasana† or Corpse pose, lying down with relaxed limbs and neck like a corpse for deep relaxation. I’ve chosen â€Å"Bhramari Pranayam†, sitting with legs folded, deep inhalation followed by exhaling with a humming sound, while keeping the mouth closed, ears closed with thumbs and fingers placed on closed eyes, for complete relaxation of mind; followed by deep breathing, with mind focused on breath in a state of Dhyana or Meditation. Yoga postures should be done slowly with smooth movements, jerky and harsh moves should be avoided. Each posture should be held for 15-20 seconds initially, gradually increasing the practice time to 5 minutes. â€Å"Yoga† means a communion of mind, body and divine. It improves flexibility and balance making us fitter, calmer and happy. It helps in maintaining hormonal balance. One should practice yoga for its multiple benefits.

Effects of Access to Parks

Effects of Access to Parks The Greater Wilshire/Hancock Park/Koreatown area is densely populated, so there are few parks within proximity to childrens homes- most of who live in apartment buildings. The largest green area in this neighborhood is for upper class adults only and photos of the nearest parks depict adults utilizing all the amenities. Accessibility to parks as well as the ramifications for the lack of availability has been researched in numerous scopes. How does a city go about allocating new parks and what is the process to place one in a particular location- especially in densely populated areas with little or no vacant lots? There are numerous studies that explain the correlation between well-being and green spaces. Inequality in the dispersal of funding for parks and recreation between lower and middle class neighborhoods can hinder this relationship and in turn contribute to discriminatory and undercurrents of superiority due to social status and wealth (Byrne, 2009). Consequently, children su ffer as obesity rates and lack of exposure to nature are at an all-time high (Franzini et al., 2009, Rigolon et al., 2014). Lorne Platt conducted a case study in 2012 that examined the way children use the space in their neighborhoods. Children aged 10-12 shared their experiences accessing parks and other public spaces within their community. Platt used this method to observe the insight of a certain group of people living in an urban area. His subjects did not care whether a park was too far, but rather focused on whether it felt safe to play in a park or if the existence of alternate play area was of greater significance. His study determined that a lot of these kids looked for vacant lots, sidewalks and alleys which were abundant as a substitute to the traditional park (Platt, 2012). Wolch, Wilson, and Fehrenbach found that areas with predominantly Latino, Black and Asian-Pacific populations have less access to parks than areas with populations that have a white majority (2013). The areas dominated by people of color are areas that mostly have apartment buildings where children and adults alike do not have access to a space where people can play and/or relax outside. Moreover, they do not have the money to go to a gym, or have the luxury to go play golf at the Wilshire Country Club for example or utilize their other amenities such as the swimming pool or tennis courts. Their study indicates that Los Angeles must think of innovative methods of using spaces to address the unequal accessibility to parks. These spaces are not just limited to vacant lots and alleys, but also include spaces owned by utility companies, streets that take up more space than needed and even riverbeds that are no longer utilized. Pascale Joassart-Marcelli states that physical activity is not just correlated to access to parks, but also the quality and the number of parks (2009). Funds from local, state, as well as non-profit entities unequally favor spending on middle-class neighborhoods over low-income areas that have predominantly minority populations. The disproportion in the distribution of resources for parks and recreation has been a consequence of transfer of federal funds, increased delivery of services on a local level with limited allocation of funds between local, state and federal programs. This ultimately affects the health of certain populations resulting in increased risk of weight gain, heart problems, and diabetes. Moreover, Jason Byrne found that the imbalance in the dispersal of funds for parks and recreation contributes to the conception of discriminatory and elitist undercurrents (2009). Minorities felt that if they went to a park frequented by white people, their presence might be frowne d upon or they may experience some sort of racist encounter. They were afraid of being picked on for being lively, dissimilar, or simply for being themselves. Minorities also have preconceptions regarding other ethnic groups based on distrust and cynicism, deterring them from using certain parks. Byrne says that park managers need to attempt to make parks more culturally and ethnically diverse by including signage in different languages and adding people of different backgrounds on their websites. Additionally, Alessandro Rigolon and Travis L. Flohr studied how exposure to nature promotes both not only physical, but mental well-being (2014). Unfortunately, childrens contact with nature has been gradually declining over the past 20-30 years. They also determined that white, middle-class children have greater contact with nature than lower-income minorities. They suggested creating green spaces in areas that would not normally be taken into consideration in lower-income areas, and forming community gardens for example. The gardens would be maintained by the local residents, while non-profit organizations, universities and community members could help out with raising money to not only to build new spaces, but also build initiatives that would raise the childrens sense of security and well-being. Cortisol, also known as the stress hormone, impacts, controls, and moderates many of the changes in the body in response to stress such as blood sugar levels, blood pressure, metabolic rate, and the immune system. Catharine Ward Thompson, Jenny Roe, Peter Aspinall, Richard Mitchell, Angela Clow, and David Miller studied whether cortisol found in saliva can specify levels of stress related with different levels of contact to green spaces (2011). They concluded that weighing cortisol levels in saliva suggests great potential for exploring links between welfare and green space and debate how this procedure can be established to confirm and encompass findings in underprivileged city areas to show why the establishment of green spaces within proximity to homes could improve health. The rate of obesity has risen dramatically for adults as well as children (Franzini et al., 2009). 632 parents of 5th graders were surveyed and asked to observe the patterns of growth and change in their communities. Their study determined that minority neighborhoods had similar accessibility to parks/green spaces. Although poorer neighborhoods that were predominantly populated with minority groups reported that their communities were easily accessible, they also reported that their neighborhoods were not very safe, not as comfortable, and not very enjoyable to spend outdoors. Also, the patterns of growth and change favor physical activity less than white communities. Disproportions in health arise as a result of income inequality and is quickly becoming a worldwide health epidemic (Jennings et al., 2014). Green spaces provide environmental amenities that are important to public health. This research discussed the associations between green spaces and some of the nations leading heal th issues. Heart disease, illnesses related to heat exposure, excessive weight gain and mental health are debated in terms of key demographic elements liable to change- ethnicity, origin, and salary. As our cities are becoming more densely populated and contaminated, green spaces not only promote physical and psychological well-being, but also provide services to a community of living organisms and their environment (Wolch et al., 2014). Although there has been an increased effort to create more green spaces in urban areas, the approaches have been self-contradictory. Other studies have shown that increasing the number of green spaces causes neighborhoods to gentrify, causing dislocation of the very people these green spaces were meant to help (Wolch et al., 2014, Rigolon et al., 2014). Therefore, the focus needs to shift to the support of long-term ecological balance and creating areas that encourage well-being, while taking into consideration what people need at home and at work by creating an equal, diverse, and democratic community. Feasable efforts of growth in urban areas often place an emphasis on consideration of factors that affect all features of well-being and welfare (Larson et al., 2015). As previously mentioned, research has indicated that public parks and green spaces offer a number of communal, bodily and mental benefits to urban populations. The effect of parks on an all-encompassing scope of welfare was studied based on personal feelings, tastes, and opinions. Well-being was calculated based on the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being 5 tool, which measures five interconnected foundations that studies have shown to have the greatest influence on a persons welfare: purpose, social, financial, community and physical. Lo and Jim (2009) argue that people expect different things of parks and green spaces depending on the community. Older public housing residents go to parks to look for common areas where they can make social connections and did not care too much about how the park looked. Older homeowners visited the parks most often, but were susceptible to the undesirable features of green spaces related to urban decay. People living in suburbs perceived parks as a way to spend time with the family and appreciate the beauty of nature. The newer public housing residents visited parks the least as a result of having less sense of community, and partial assimilation of people coming from other countries. References Platt, L. Parks Are Dangerous and the Sidewalk Is Closer: Childrens Use of Neighborhood Space in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 22:. Wolch, J., J. P. Wilson, and J. Fehrenbach. 2005. Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity-Mapping Analysis. Urban Geography 26:4-35. Joassart-Marcelli, P. 2010. Leveling the Playing Field? Urban Disparities in Funding for Local Parks and Recreation in the Los Angeles Region. Environment and Planning A 42:1174-1192. More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: Evidence from salivary cortisol patterns. a. Landscape and urban planning. When green is White: The cultural politics of race, nature. c. Geoforum. Abramenko, P., and K. S. Brown. 2008. Access to Parks for Youth as an Environmental Justice Issue Access Inequalities and Possible Solutions. New York, NY: Springer. Neighborhood characteristics favorable to outdoor physical activity: Disparities by socioeconomic and racial ethnic composition. b. Health place. R. Wolch, J., J. Byrne, and J. P. Newell. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice:The challenge of making cities just green enough. Landscape and urban planning. Lincoln R Larson, Viniece Jennings, and Scott A Cloutier. 2016. Public Parks and Wellbeing in Urban Areas of the United States. PLoS One 11:e0153211. Jennings, V., and C. J. Gaither. 2015. Approaching environmental health disparities and green spaces: an ecosystem services perspective. International journal of environmental research and public health 12:1952-1968. Y.H. Lo, A., and C. Y. Jim. Differential community effects on perception and use of urban greenspaces.

Jeffrey Dahmer :: essays research papers

Jeffrey Dahmer was born May 21st, 1960, the first child for Lionel and Joyce Dahmer, after a difficult pregnancy that had Joyce on various prescription drugs. Jeff and his little brother David were raised in Bath Township, Ohio. Unlike many other killers, Jeffreys parents were not abusive. Joyce had some relatively mild psychological problems, but Lionel tried to be as loving a father as possible, struggling to reach his quiet and isolated son. As a small child, Jeff seemed happy enough, playing with his dog or riding his bike, but was fascinated with death. When Lionel removed some animal bones from under the porch, the remains of small creatures killed by small local predators, Jeff seemed quite pleased by the sound they made dropping back into the bucket. His father dismissed it as childhood curiosity. Jeff was the class clown, known for doing things as ridiculous as faking seizures for laughs. In fact, he was lonely and isolated in school, with few friends. By high school, he was a full-blown alcoholic, drinking before, after, and even during class. When his parents divorced, his father was the one to move out of the house. When Jeff was 18, Joyce took David and left. Jeffrey was alone in the house with little food and a broken refrigerator until his father and his new wife found out about the situation and moved into the house. Trying to help his son, Lionel assisted Jeffrey get into the University of Ohio. But it was already too lateJeff Dahmer made his first killing at age 17, when he picked up a hitchhiker , brought him home, murdered him, and scattered the bone fragments in the woods behind the Dahmer home. When Jeff flunked out of college, a desperate Lionel took him to enlist in the army. The ever docile Jeffrey went along with his fathers wishes as if he had no opinion of his own. Alcohol got the young Dahmer discharged from the army while he was stationed in Germany. He went to Florida, and tried to get a job. When his money ran out, and he had nothing to fall back on, Jeff called his father. Jeffrey was told that, no, he couldnt have any money, but he could have a plane ticket home. Jeffrey was sent to Wisconsin to stay with his grandmother. Things went well for a while, until Lionel got a call from his mother reporting a strange smell coming from the garage. Jeffrey Dahmer :: essays research papers Jeffrey Dahmer was born May 21st, 1960, the first child for Lionel and Joyce Dahmer, after a difficult pregnancy that had Joyce on various prescription drugs. Jeff and his little brother David were raised in Bath Township, Ohio. Unlike many other killers, Jeffreys parents were not abusive. Joyce had some relatively mild psychological problems, but Lionel tried to be as loving a father as possible, struggling to reach his quiet and isolated son. As a small child, Jeff seemed happy enough, playing with his dog or riding his bike, but was fascinated with death. When Lionel removed some animal bones from under the porch, the remains of small creatures killed by small local predators, Jeff seemed quite pleased by the sound they made dropping back into the bucket. His father dismissed it as childhood curiosity. Jeff was the class clown, known for doing things as ridiculous as faking seizures for laughs. In fact, he was lonely and isolated in school, with few friends. By high school, he was a full-blown alcoholic, drinking before, after, and even during class. When his parents divorced, his father was the one to move out of the house. When Jeff was 18, Joyce took David and left. Jeffrey was alone in the house with little food and a broken refrigerator until his father and his new wife found out about the situation and moved into the house. Trying to help his son, Lionel assisted Jeffrey get into the University of Ohio. But it was already too lateJeff Dahmer made his first killing at age 17, when he picked up a hitchhiker , brought him home, murdered him, and scattered the bone fragments in the woods behind the Dahmer home. When Jeff flunked out of college, a desperate Lionel took him to enlist in the army. The ever docile Jeffrey went along with his fathers wishes as if he had no opinion of his own. Alcohol got the young Dahmer discharged from the army while he was stationed in Germany. He went to Florida, and tried to get a job. When his money ran out, and he had nothing to fall back on, Jeff called his father. Jeffrey was told that, no, he couldnt have any money, but he could have a plane ticket home. Jeffrey was sent to Wisconsin to stay with his grandmother. Things went well for a while, until Lionel got a call from his mother reporting a strange smell coming from the garage.

Hospitality Across Culture

Hospitality is the relationship between guest and host, or the act or practice of being hospitable. When coming to another country, we always want to make a good impression to the native people like showing them our hospitality. But sometimes, because of different culture our hospitality is considered as offence.So what should we do in this case?In case study, a typical situation surprised me. The American manager by the name of Bill Morris just simply want to show his emplyees in France his hospitality. He decided to throw a party for the whole office. His intention was pretty good. He thought it would be a good way to get accquainted with everyone in a less formal environment. Then, people with know that he is an open person and easy to talk. However, this wasn’t work.His employees didn’t think like that and just in a negative way.In French employess’s thought, their boss was showing off his money by inviting them to his elegent apartment. They felt strange and uncomfortable in his home as well as socializing together. Certainly, Morris didn’t make a good impression to his employees.The situation gave me knowledge of America and France hospitality culture in : socialize with employess from different levels of the company, role of the boss in the social life of the office, style of entertaining colleagues, different about socialiszing with friends and collagues, common ways of socialising with business colleagues. This is two different country with different culture, working style : formal and informal. It’s not easy to mix them. In solving situation tasks, our class was discuss to help Morris able to adapt to the social ways of his French employees. We all think he should learn about France culture, shouldn’t so formal with his colleagues to build his presigate. He should care to his working style, languages using, attitudes †¦Above all, following French culture will make his employees respect him and feel heâ₠¬â„¢s more familiar to them. Step by step, they’ll sure understand his good intention and have a good point of view on him.Hospitality across culture isn’t simply at all. It requires a certain knowledge about culture and ways to apply it appropriately. This situation reminds me a famous saying : ‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do.’ Obviously when you come another country, the native people expect you to do as their culture. This will make they feel that you searched and interested in their culture before and respect it. Getting to know about eachother culture is a simply way to communicate people from all over the world. This is a chance to widen your knowledge, open your working opportunity, build relationship across border.

Factors Affecting the Biotic and Abiotic features Essay Example

Factors Affecting the Biotic and Abiotic features Essay Example Factors Affecting the Biotic and Abiotic features Paper Factors Affecting the Biotic and Abiotic features Paper Factors affecting the role that the relationships between biotic and biotic factors contribute to the relationship between foliage and ground coverer Effie Electrocutions:A functioning ecosystem is totally reliant on the way in which factors such as biotic and biotic interrelate and create a balance of living and non-living. Biotic factors are those features of the environments of organisms arising from the activities of the other living organisms, relating to, produced by, or caused by living organisms (M. Than/ M. Hickman 2003:16). Biotic factors are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment which include light, temperature, water, atmospheric gases, and wind as well as soil. The six major biotic factors are water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, soil and climate (http://el. ERDA. Usage. Army. Mil/MIS/bicorn l/ HTML labia tic . HTML). Biotic and biotic factors combine to create a system or more precisely, an ecosystem which is a community of living and nonliving things considered as a unit. Biotic and biotic factors are interrelated (Growler 1997:106). If one factor is changed or removed, it impacts the availability of other resources within the system (http://library. Thinkers. Org). If an biotic factor is changed, such as soil nutrient levels, this may affect the growth of a biotic factor such as grass and trees, in turn making the plants decrease in population. This subtle change in turn affects biotic factors such as large organisms that need the plants to survive. This decreases the number of large organisms and affects the balance of the ecosystem. Ground cover is those herbaceous plants, small shrubs and non-vascular plants growing beneath the tree and shrub canopy (museum. Gob. Ins. Ca/man/nature/ nuns/ glossary. HTML. ) Ground cover is used for two main purposes; to hide the round beneath, or to protect it from erosion or drought. Foliage cover is the percentage of a fixed area covered by crowns of plants surrounded by a vertical projection of the outermost perimeter of the spread of the foliage (www. FSP. Fed. Us/re/ Fremont/scan/text/ APPENDIX X_C. HTML). Ground cover and foliage cover are along with biotic and biotic factors interrelated. The quantity of vegetation that lives in a particular area is totally dependent on the percent canopy cover that is above. If the role of photosynthesis; the process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into reverberates, using sunlight as the source of energy and the aid of chlorophyll (www. Surds. Haw ii. Du /SURDS glossary. HTML) is relied upon, ground areas with a high percentage of canopy cover will have a decreased amount of living vegetation underneath, as the process of photosynthesis cannot be efficiently accomplished. The relationship between biotic and biotic factors affects the relationship between ground cover and foliage cover as the two factors interrelate and assist or hinder the others actions. Aim: To determine the possible relationships between biotic factors, which include the varying organisms which surround an area, and biotic factors, such as the temperature of an allocated area, humidity, Ph levels and nutrient availability to see how they play a role in the relationship between ground cover and foliage cover. Hypothesis: If there is more overhead foliage cover than there will be less ground cover (in comparison to an area with no overhead foliage cover) because less sunlight and rain will reach the ground, the temperature will decrease and more animals will stand on and eat the ground cover that is there (due to the reduced temperature). Materials:lax mum measuring tappet small stakes Clinometers 1 x hammer lax permanent marker lax roll of marking tappets of good quality striving manometer 1 x canopy densitometer lax sheet of graph appear x thermometers empty AL drink bottles CACM ruler with millimeters marked outpoured:1. The XML transect was marked out by measuring out mum Of string. The stakes Were then placed into the ground at the appropriate measurements and the string was wrapped around as shown in Figure 1 . 2. The length of the string was marked at mm intervals with marking tape and he numbers were written on with permanent marker as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 :Peacetime of the marking tape along the mum string. 3. The gradual slope of the gradient was then taken to determine how steep the selected land area was. 4. This was done with the manometer at zero to half meter by placing each end of the manometer at both beginning and end of each half meter and taking a measurement. 5. This was then continued for thirty meters and was then graphed. See Figure 3. Figure 3 :Peacetime of the manometer at every half meter point. 6. The percentage foliage cover was then taken to determine how much light to though the tree leaves onto the ground below. This was done using the canopy densitometer at zero to one half meters. 7. The densitometer was held directly upwards and looked through. The percent coverage was noted. This was continued for thirty meters. See Figure 48. The percentage ground cover was then taken at every half meter by determining how covered the ground was by grass and plants etc. This number was recorded and this was continued for thirty meters. 9. A description of every meter was taken to investigate was lived there and also how it lived there. Animal excretions and flowers etc. Were taken into account, as well as leaf litter. These results were put into table form. 10. The temperature for the selected area was taken both in the shade; by placing the thermometer under a tree, and in the sun; by placing the thermometer in the open at approximately 12 oclock. It was made sure that there was no human interference when the temperatures were taken. 1 1 . Thermometers were placed out standing upright at five minute intervals and the temperature was recorded. This was repeated over a period of 1 0 days. 12. The rain fall had to be measured so a rain gauge was made. A AL soft drink outlet was cut in half, and then the upper half was inverted to create a funnel. 3. Two gauges were made for under the tree canopy, and out in the open. The measurements were recorded over a period of ten days. The results were then put into table form. 14. A pitfall trap was then constructed to determine what species of animals lived there. A fifteen centimeter square hole was dug in both the undercover and open sections of the belt transect. 15. Two small rocks were placed at e ither side of the hole. The hole was then covered by a large rock resting on the two smaller rocks. See Figure 6. 16. The traps were then left over night, and the findings recorded.

How to Write a Linguistics Essay A Step-by-Step Guide

How to Write a Linguistics Essay A Step-by-Step Guide What Is a Linguistics Essay? First of all, an essay writer should establish the main principles of the academic paper for Linguistics. A writer has two variants of the situation development. First, one is familiar with the concepts because of involvement in the field, and an essay is one of the many similar assignments in a Linguistics class. Second, it is necessary to understand that college student is a fledgling writer that is not only new to the date of the investigation but to the sphere of academic writing as well. The type does not matter, Linguistics essay needs a certain level of education and understanding. As Linguistics is a precise science, the essay should be centered on the accurate facts and involvement of the specific terminology of the discipline. Further, such an essay may concentrate on various branches of the field such as phonology, phonetics, vocabulary studies, grammar, syntax, translation, and many others. Also, as the type of academic writing is an essay, it may not involve research with finding evidence and proofing the specific findings. In fact, in contact with research papers. Linguistics essay writing can be in the form of discussion, reflection, a summary of a particular work or a small investigation of the specific phonological phenomena. Finally, the writer should be ready that some branches of Linguistics such as phonetics, require the unique font for expression of transcription symbols, for instance, and the presence of such is essential for this type of paper. Before the Writing There are specific pre-writing tips for any essay. First, it is needed to establish a plan for the writing as an outline with making the flow of the paper more natural. In fact, the mentioned plan requires such elements as deciding the primary audience of the essay, arguments, possible questions for consideration and discussion, and the number of sources for the argumentation support. Moreover, all the aspects mentioned above help to set the mood for the linguistics essay and convey the specific opinion. Also, the writer should remember the nature of linguistics, and as was mentioned before, it is precise. Thus, such an essay would have to include a theoretical framework along with ordinary academic writing to convey more professional look for future writing. In addition, linguistics is the science that may demonstrate certain phenomena with the help of specific symbols that do not have representation in the ordinary set of the alphabet of the English languages. Further, the writer can show the work of some of the linguistic features in the appendices after the paper or integrate those (with the help of tables) in the middle of the article after the explanation and evidence. Topic Choice As was mentioned before, there is a particular division of Linguistics on the subdisciplines. Thus, the choice of topics opens an array of different variants for an essay. In fact, if there is a necessity to summarize some work, it is possible to discuss the development of some phenomena throughout history or own reflection of the opinion of the specific linguistic trait and choose an area of Linguistics first. It is evident that text should be about a particular area of investigation. Among the spheres of Linguistics are phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, and other side directions. Further, the topics should be specific and do not generalize the research theme. Here are some examples of the topics to learn how to construct a comprehensive title: Investigation of the Accents’ Differences in the English Language; Compounding as the Modern Strategy for Extension of the Vocabulary; Comparison of Old, Middle, and Modern Periods of Development of the English Language; Hypotheses of Languages Evolution; Effects of Dialects and Accents on the Perception of a Non-native Speaker; The Contrast of British and American Slang; Phonological Features of English Slang; The Use of Complex Predicate Constructions; Linguistics Theories Describing the Purpose of Communication; The Combination of Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication; Influence of French and Latin Borrowings on Enriching the English Lexicon. Also, it is important to include examples of poorly constructed topics to demonstrate the general type of titles that should be avoided: Why is Linguistics important? What is a Noun? Why Slang Exists? Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Planning and Outlining As was mentioned before, a student has to consider some essential elements of every essay before starting the actual writing. First of all, a writer must establish the primary arguments of the paper or the point of view that one should prove or present evidence for. Also, the essay question is the second essential phenomenon that needs the answer in the flow of the paper. Further, keep in mind that the structure of the documents is the factor that helps to concentrate the attention of the potential audience and ensure that a reader receives author’s point of view and understand the evidence. Furthermore, the essential elements for consideration are the establishment of the mentioned audience. Thus, if an essay is designed for peers and fellow linguistics, there will be no problems in keeping the natural vocabulary of the paper. However, if the article is for the evaluation, an author will have to elevate the skills of the academic presentation regarding the enriching the lexicon of the document with the linguistics terminology. Moreover, the credible sources and reliable evidence will be the determinant factors for professors to leave the high mark for such linguistics assignment. Finally, after consideration of the points above, the approximate outline for the essay would look like this: Decide what the purpose audience is; Establish primary arguments, evidence, and essay question; Find credible sources to ensure the trustworthiness of the research; Outline the structure of the paper; Proofread after writing. Finally, the structure of the essay needs to meet specific parameters as well. First of all, the number of paragraphs should be equal with the one of supporting claims for the primary arguments plus introduction with the conclusion. Also, do not forget about the existence of such standards such as topic sentences, the quantity of text for one paragraph, and the place of citations in the text. The Structure Any Linguistics essay should meet particular requirements. First of all, the composition should start with the introduction where the writer must mention the primary arguments, purpose, audience, and end it with a debatable thesis statement that a paper can prove with evidence and research. Second, the main body consists of supportive claims and every paragraph should have topic sentences, evidence, and final thoughts. Finally, the conclusion is the ending part where a writer restates thesis and the main points of the whole essay along with providing the base for the further discussion or considerations of an issue for future studies. Thus, if a student misses one detail from the conventional structure of the academic essay, the one cannot be considered the comprehensive one; that can result in the loss of points for the final mark. Introduction The introduction is the essential part of every essay because it is the first paragraph that a reader sees. Thus, the relevance of opening takes the first place for a writer because it can attract the attention for further reading and avert it at the same time. The poorly constructed introductory paragraph without the proper attention-getter will discourage the primary audience of the document from evaluating the future content and believing the evidence for the essay arguments. Further, the introduction guides a reader through the course of the paper with the help of a few sentences in the beginning. In fact, the keywords in the starting paragraph help to focus the attention of the potential audience on the most critical issues of the writing. For instance, the introduction may include the aspects that convey the purpose of one or another language phenomenon of demonstrating the fundamental factor of the science. As the example of what not to do, a student should remember not to include in the introduction the statements that have no actual connection to the topic of the paper. The sole purpose of such sentences is to fill the gap and help the writer to meet the necessary word count. Also, general ideas disrupt the whole attitude of a reader towards the further content because the audience involved in the actual science of Linguistics does not need answers to questions why it is important and about the definitions of some phenomena. Thesis Statement: Hot Tips from Our Experts The place for the proper thesis statement is the last sentence of the introductory paragraph. Also, the thesis demonstrates the essence of the essay and shows a reader the mini-outline for further writing. Thus, it is understandable after the mentioned arguments, that the mission of a thesis statement is the most crucial one in the most critical part of the paper. Further, the proper thesis needs to be narrow such as the topic and debatable for getting the attention of the audience. The debatable opinion is the one that may be controversial that forces the audience to read further. Further, there are examples of poorly constructed thesis statements that only show the simplicity of the further essay and revolve the attention: Linguistics is important because it investigates that languages people speak; Slang will be the future language; Periods of English language development have differences and similarities. In contrast, the following examples represent the thesis statements that can grab the attention and boost the further discussion: The investigation of accents helps to understand the origins of the sources that inspire the process of the language evolution. The difference between the American and English slang starts in the Middle period of language development with the help of noun and verb transformations. Body Paragraphs The primary aspects of the construction of a body paragraph were mentioned above. The inclusion of such elements as topic sentences, evidence, and a conclusion is obligatory for meeting the academic standards and conveying the logical flow of ideas. Also, the number of paragraphs is determined by one of the supporting points because it would improve the readability of the whole paper. Moreover, the writer should remember the four-full-lines-and-three-sentences standard that every academic paper requires. Finally, do not put the sentences with citations in the beginning and end of the paragraphs because the one cannot start or end with evidence from the sources. Conclusion The primary mission of the last paragraph is to summarize the main points of the whole paper. Thus, the conclusion should include, a restatement of the thesis, summary of the supporting points, and the claims that may hint on the future research or implementation of some idea from the document in the actual science field. Finally, do not include any new information in the concluding paragraph as it hurts the finalizing of the essay. Sources Many sources can help in the construction of the essay as the gild of investigation is broad and does not lack relevant evidence. In fact, the Internet has plenty of databases with journal articles, independent studies, and books that can help prove a point in the writing. Some of the mentioned bases of knowledge are specialized websites such as: The Linguist List Electronic Journals in Linguistics Some sources do not have the linguistics specialization, but still they can assist in the search for the credible and relevant information and those are: JSTOR Taylor and Francis Online Referencing The most popular formats that will suffice for the linguistics essay are MLA and APA. The Purdue Owl website is the credible source that has guidelines for the proper citation and referencing in those formats. MLA APA Proofreading Several ways can help to proofread the final paper. First of all, it is possible to ask someone to comment on the logic of the paper’s flow. Also, several websites on the Internet assists with this types of service. Grammarly can help fix the grammar, punctuation, and style mistakes and Small SEO Tools can check the document for any possible facts of plagiarism.